Statistical and Machine Learning-Based Decision Techniques for Physical Layer Authentication

Abstract

In this paper we consider authentication at the physical layer, in which the authenticator aims at distinguishing a legitimate supplicant from an attacker on the basis of the characteristics of the communication channel. Authentication is performed over a set of parallel wireless channels affected by time-varying fading at the presence of a malicious attacker, whose channel has a spatial correlation with the supplicant's one. We first propose the use of two different statistical decision methods, and we prove that using a large number of references (in the form of channel estimates) affected by different levels of time-varying fading is not beneficial from a security point of view. We then propose to exploit classification methods based on machine learning. In order to face the worst case of an authenticator provided with no forged messages during training, we consider one-class classifiers. When instead the training set includes some forged messages, we resort to more conventional binary classifiers, considering the cases in which such messages are either labelled or not. For the latter case, we exploit clustering algorithms to label the training set. The performance of both nearest neighbor (NN) and support vector machine (SVM) classification techniques is assessed. Through numerical examples, we show that under the same probability of false alarm, one-class classification (OCC) algorithms achieve the lowest probability of missed detection when a small spatial correlation exists between the main channel and the adversary one, while statistical methods are advantageous when the spatial correlation between the two channels is large.

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“…The authors in [ 121 ] utilize the physical layer attributes for authentication schemes and evaluate the security performance of key-less authentication schemes. Machine learning techniques have been utilized in the same scenario exploiting different one-class nearest neighbor (OCNN) classification algorithms.…”