Statin Action Targets Lipid Rafts of Cell Membranes: GIXD/PM-IRRAS Investigation of Langmuir Monolayers

Abstract

Lipid rafts are condensed regions of cell membranes rich in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, which constitute the target for anticholesterolemic drugs - statins. In this work, we use for the first time a combined grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD)/polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS)/Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) approach to show the statin effect on model lipid rafts and its components assembled in Langmuir monolayers at the air–water interface. Two representatives of these drugs, fluvastatin (FLU) and cerivastatin (CER), of different hydrophobicity were chosen, while cholesterol (Chol) and sphingomyelin (SM), and their 1:1 mixture were selected to form condensed monolayers of lipid rafts. The effect of statins on the single components of lipid rafts indicated that both the hydrophobicity of the drugs and the organization of the layer determined the drug–lipid interaction. For cholesterol monolayers, only the most hydrophobic CER was effectively changing the film structure, while for the less organized sphingomyelin, the biggest effect was observed for FLU. This drug affected both the polar headgroup region as shown by PM-IRRAS results and the 2D crystalline structure of the SM monolayer as evidenced by GIXD. Measurements performed for Chol/SM 1:1 models proved also that the statin effect depends on the presence of Chol–SM complexes. In this case, the less hydrophobic FLU was not able to penetrate the binary layer at all, while exposure to the hydrophobic CER resulted in the phase separation and formation of ordered assemblies. The changes in the membrane properties were visualized by BAM images and GIXD patterns and confirmed by thermodynamic parameters of hysteresis in the Langmuir monolayer compression–decompression experiments.

Lipid Rafts: The Maestros of Normal Brain Development

“…In addition, statins modulate the expression of the ACE2 receptor, which is located in the lipid rafts. It has been shown that cerivastatin increases the homogeneity of lipid rafts, making the raft aggregates smaller [ 207 , 208 ]. Anaesthetics: Certain anaesthetics, such as propofol and isoflurane, have been reported to interact with lipid rafts by activating phospholipase D2 [ 209 , 210 ].…”

“…In addition, statins modulate the expression of the ACE2 receptor, which is located in the lipid rafts. It has been shown that cerivastatin increases the homogeneity of lipid rafts, making the raft aggregates smaller [ 207 , 208 ].…”