Static stretching time required to reduce iliacus muscle stiffness

Nojiri, Shusuke; Yagi, Masahide; Mizukami, Yu; Ichihashi, Noriaki

doi:10.1080/14763141.2019.1620321

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Nakamura et al (2013) reported that both passive torque of the ankle joint and myotendinous junction displacement of the gastrocnemius changed after 2 min of static stretching and further lowered or increased after 5 min. Nojiri et al (2019) also found that the stiffness of the iliacus muscle declined at 1 min and at further 5 min of static stretching. The carry-over effect of stretching repetitions in the current study was more early found compared with those reported in previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Of interest is that the stretching duration that immediately changes the muscle stiffness may differ in the target muscle. The stretching durations for 3 min, 2 min, 1 min, and 20 s were needed to change the muscle stiffness of the hamstrings (Nakamura et al, 2019), the gastrocnemius (Nakamura et al, 2013), the iliacus (Nojiri et al, 2019), and infraspinatus (Kusano et al, 2017), respectively. One of the factors that determine the stretching duration could be the muscle volume, more precisely, the cross-sectional area of the muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute and Prolonged Effects of Stretching on Shear Modulus of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle

Umehara¹,

Nakamura²,

Saeki³

et al. 2021

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Increased muscle stiffness of the pectoralis minor (PMi) could deteriorate shoulder function. Stretching is useful for maintaining and improving muscle stiffness in rehabilitation and sport practice. However, the acute and prolonged effect of stretching on the PMi muscle stiffness is unclear due to limited methodology for assessing individual muscle stiffness. Using shear wave elastography, we explored the responses of shear modulus to stretching in the PMi over time. The first experiment (n = 20) aimed to clarify the acute change in the shear modulus during stretching. The shear modulus was measured at intervals of 30 s × 10 sets. The second experiment (n = 16) aimed to observe and compare the prolonged effect of different durations of stretching on the shear modulus. Short and long stretching duration groups underwent 30s × 1 set and 30s × 10 sets, respectively. The assessments of shear modulus were conducted before, immediately after, and at 5, 10, and 15 min post-stretching. In experiment I, the shear modulus decreased immediately after a bout (30 s) of stretching (p < 0.001, change: -2.3 kPa, effect size: r = 0.72) and further decreased after 3 repetitions (i.e., 90 s) of stretching (p = 0.03, change: -1.0 kPa, effect size: r = 0.53). In experiment II, the change in the shear modulus after stretching was greater in the long duration group than in the short duration group (p = 0.013, group mean difference: -2.5 kPa, partial η2 = 0.36). The shear modulus of PMi decreased immediately after stretching, and stretching for a long duration was promising to maintain the decreased shear modulus. The acute and prolonged effects on the PMi shear modulus provide information relevant to minimum and persistent stretching time in rehabilitation and sport practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and Prolonged Effects of Stretching on Shear Modulus of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle

Umehara¹,

Nakamura²,

Saeki³

et al. 2021

jsportscimed

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“…The decrease in MTU stiffness partially contributes to lower the muscles’ capacity to generate torque (Matsuo et al, 2013). Recently, Nojiri et al (2019) demonstrated that the stiffness of the iliacus muscle decreased after 60 s of StS and further decreased after 5 min of StS in healthy male participants aged 23 years. Also, Konrad et al (2019) examined the time course of the changes in MTU mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius medialis after 5 min of StS in healthy male and female participants aged 25 years.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats

et al. 2019

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The effects of static stretching (StS) on subsequent strength and power activities has been one of the most debated topics in sport science literature over the past decades. The aim of this review is (1) to summarize previous and current findings on the acute effects of StS on muscle strength and power performances; (2) to update readers’ knowledge related to previous caveats; and (3) to discuss the underlying physiological mechanisms of short-duration StS when performed as single-mode treatment or when integrated into a full warm-up routine. Over the last two decades, StS has been considered harmful to subsequent strength and power performances. Accordingly, it has been recommended not to apply StS before strength- and power-related activities. More recent evidence suggests that when performed as a single-mode treatment or when integrated within a full warm-up routine including aerobic activity, dynamic-stretching, and sport-specific activities, short-duration StS (≤60 s per muscle group) trivially impairs subsequent strength and power activities (∆1–2%). Yet, longer StS durations (>60 s per muscle group) appear to induce substantial and practically relevant declines in strength and power performances (∆4.0–7.5%). Moreover, recent evidence suggests that when included in a full warm-up routine, short-duration StS may even contribute to lower the risk of sustaining musculotendinous injuries especially with high-intensity activities (e.g., sprint running and change of direction speed). It seems that during short-duration StS, neuromuscular activation and musculotendinous stiffness appear not to be affected compared with long-duration StS. Among other factors, this could be due to an elevated muscle temperature induced by a dynamic warm-up program. More specifically, elevated muscle temperature leads to increased muscle fiber conduction-velocity and improved binding of contractile proteins (actin, myosin). Therefore, our previous understanding of harmful StS effects on subsequent strength and power activities has to be updated. In fact, short-duration StS should be included as an important warm-up component before the uptake of recreational sports activities due to its potential positive effect on flexibility and musculotendinous injury prevention. However, in high-performance athletes, short-duration StS has to be applied with caution due to its negligible but still prevalent negative effects on subsequent strength and power performances, which could have an impact on performance during competition.

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“…The time required to decrease the shear modulus and muscle‐tendon stiffness is different for each muscle. The decrease in shear modulus of the infraspinatus and iliopsoas requires 20 22 and 60 67 s, respectively, and the muscle‐tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings and triceps surae requires 180 60,68,69 and 90 70 s, respectively. The difference between the muscles of long‐term static stretching training needs to be examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term static stretching can decrease muscle stiffness: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Takeuchi

Nakamura

Konrad

et al. 2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Stretch training increases the range of motion of a joint. However, to date, the mechanisms behind such a stretching effect are not well understood. An earlier meta‐analysis on several studies reported no changes in the passive properties of a muscle (i.e., muscle stiffness) following long‐term stretch training with various types of stretching (static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular stretching). However, in recent years, an increasing number of papers have reported the effects of long‐term static stretching on muscle stiffness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the long‐term (≥2 weeks) effect of static stretching training on muscle stiffness. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO published before December 28, 2022, were searched and 10 papers met the inclusion criteria for meta‐analysis. By applying a mixed‐effect model, subgroup analyses, which included comparisons of sex (male vs. mixed sex) and type of muscle stiffness assessment (calculated from the muscle‐tendon junction vs. shear modulus), were performed. Furthermore, a meta‐regression was conducted to examine the effect of total stretching duration on muscle stiffness. The result of the meta‐analysis showed a moderate decrease in muscle stiffness after 3–12 weeks of static stretch training compared to a control condition (effect size = −0.749, p < 0.001, I2 = 56.245). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between sex (p = 0.131) and type of muscle stiffness assessment (p = 0.813). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between total stretching duration and muscle stiffness (p = 0.881).

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Static stretching time required to reduce iliacus muscle stiffness

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Acute and Prolonged Effects of Stretching on Shear Modulus of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle

Acute and Prolonged Effects of Stretching on Shear Modulus of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle

Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats

Long‐term static stretching can decrease muscle stiffness: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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