Static stretching of the pectoralis major decreases triceps brachii activation during a maximal isometric bench press

Marchetti, Paulo Henrique; Reis, Rogério G.; Gomes, Willy Andrade; Silva, Josinaldo J. da; Soares, Enrico G.; Freitas, Fábio Sisconeto de; Behm, David G.

doi:10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03452-0

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The decrease in VA in both limbs is in agreement with a previous investigation (17). It was suggested that such a reduction could have been the result of a passive stretch-induced inhibitory effect occurring at supraspinal level, leading to a simultaneous reduction in the motor drive toward both limbs (40–42). Such an inhibitory effect could have been derived from afferent feedback originating from the peripheral mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, and nociceptors located in the stretched limb possibly transferred to the contralateral hemisphere, resulting in a contralateral reduction in VA (40–42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was suggested that such a reduction could have been the result of a passive stretch-induced inhibitory effect occurring at supraspinal level, leading to a simultaneous reduction in the motor drive toward both limbs (40)(41)(42). Such an inhibitory effect could have been derived from afferent feedback originating from the peripheral mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, and nociceptors located in the stretched limb possibly transferred to the contralateral hemisphere, resulting in a contralateral reduction in VA (40)(41)(42). The interhemispheric connection between the cortical motor areas via the corpus callosum (34) and the subcortical neural pathways associated with the cortical-subcortical loops between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum (35) has been proposed as pathways allowing the afferent stimuli to be crossed over.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is the Interpolated-Twitch Technique-Derived Voluntary Activation Just Neural? Novel Perspectives from Mechanomyographic Data

Coratella

Cè

Doria

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose: Voluntary activation (VA) determined by interpolation-twitch technique could be affected by the characteristics of the in-series elastic components. To overcome this possible bias, a novel approach based on the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal to detect voluntary activation (VA MMG ) has been proposed. We examined the changes in VA and VA MMG after passive stretching to check the influence of neural and mechanical factors in the force output. Methods: Twenty-six healthy men underwent VA assessment using the interpolated-twitch technique before and after unilateral passive stretching of the plantarflexors (five 45-s on + 15-s off ). In addition to the force signal, the MMG signal was detected on gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and soleus. From the force and MMG signal analysis, VA and VA MMG were calculated in the stretched and contralateral nonstretched limbs. Joint passive stiffness was also defined. Results: In the stretched limb, passive stretching increased dorsiflexion range (mean ± SD = +18% ± 10%, P < 0.001, ES = 1.54) but reduced joint passive stiffness (−22% ± 8%, P < 0.001, ES = −1.75), maximum voluntary contraction (−15% ± 7%, P < 0.001, ES = −0.87), VA (−7% ± 3%, P < 0.001, ES = −2.32), and VA MMG (~−5% ± 2%, P < 0.001, ES = −1.26/−1.14). In the contralateral nonstretched limb, passive stretching increased dorsiflexion range (+10% ± 6%, P < 0.001, ES = 0.80) but reduced joint passive stiffness (−3% ± 2%, P = 0.041, ES = −0.27), maximum voluntary contraction (−4% ± 3%, P = 0.035, ES = −0.24), VA (−4% ± 2%, P < 0.001, ES = −1.77), and VA MMG (~− 2% ± 1%, P < 0.05, ES = −0.54/−0.46). The stretch-induced changes in VA correlated with VA MMG (R ranging from 0.447 to 0.583 considering all muscles) and with joint passive stiffness (stretched limb: R = 0.503; contralateral nonstretched limb: R = 0.530). Conclusions: VA output is overall influenced by both neural and mechanical factors, not distinguishable using the interpolated-twitch technique. VA MMG is a complementary index to assess the changes in VA not influenced by mechanical factors and to examine synergistic muscles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Interpolated-Twitch Technique-Derived Voluntary Activation Just Neural? Novel Perspectives from Mechanomyographic Data

Coratella

Cè

Doria

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…Although several studies have shown an increase in ROM in the CM (12)(13)(14)(15), inconsistent results for the force-generating capacity have been observed with some studies reported no change (13,14,16), whereas others showed a reduction in force-generating capacity in the CM (13,(17)(18)(19). Several possible mechanisms merging in a final common end, i.e., decrease in contralateral α-motoneuron pool excitability, have been proposed to explain the crossover effect in the CM: (i) a reduction in stretch-reflex sensitivity involving the muscle spindles via interneurons interposed in the crossed pathway (13,17,20), (ii) an increase in the inhibitory afferent feedback from the SM involving mechanoreceptors and nociceptors (13,17,19), and consequently (iii) an increase in stretch tolerance (19). Because the CM is not directly involved in the passive stretching maneuver, neuromuscular rather than mechanical factors have been shown to be involved (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Correlates of the Contralateral Stretch-induced Strength Loss

Coratella

Cè

Doria

et al. 2021

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ® Published ahead of Print contains articles in unedited manuscript form that have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication. This manuscript will undergo copyediting, page composition, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered that could affect the content.

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“…However, EMG changes of the non-stretched muscles following unilateral stretching is conflicting. There are reports of very large (-11 to -22%, d= 2.25-3.9) (Ce et al 2020) and small (-3.1%; d= -0.22) (Marchetti et al 2017) magnitude reductions in EMG activity during a MVC, which contrast with reports of no significant changes in MVC EMG activity Caldwell et al 2019a;Jelmini et al 2018;Killen et al 2019). These difficulties in ascertaining EMG changes may be related to the curvilinearity of the force-EMG relationship with a plateau of EMG activity at higher force levels .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…There is evidence of non-local SS-induced isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force (Behm et al 2019), jump height (Marchetti et al 2014) and muscle activation (Marchetti et al 2017) deficits following unilateral SS. However, these results contrast with those that show no significant impairments of isokinetic torque following eight repetitions of 30-s each of unilateral hip flexion static stretching (Chaouachi et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-local acute stretching effects on strength performance in healthy young adults

et al. 2021

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Background: Static stretching (SS) can impair performance and increase range of motion of a nonexercised or non-stretched muscle respectively. An underdeveloped research area is the effect of unilateral stretching on non-local force output.Objective: The objective of this review was to describe the effects of unilateral SS on contralateral, non-stretched, muscle force and identify gaps in the literature.Methods: A systematic literature search following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines was performed according to prescribed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Weighted means and ranges highlighted the non-local force output response to unilateral stretching. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was used to assess study risk of bias and methodological quality.Results: Unilateral stretching protocols from six studies involved 6.3±2 repetitions of 36.3±7.4 seconds with 19.3±5.7 seconds recovery between stretches. The mean stretch-induced force deficits exhibited small magnitude effect sizes for both the stretched (-6.7±7.1%, d=-0.35: 0.01 to -1.8) and contralateral, non-stretched, muscles (-4.0±4.9%, d=-0.22: 0.08 to -1.1). Control measures exhibited trivial deficits. Conclusion:The limited literature examining non-local effects of prolonged SS revealed that both the stretched and contralateral, non-stretched, limbs of young adults demonstrate small magnitude force deficits. However, the frequency of studies with these effects were similar with three measures demonstrating deficits, and four measures showing trivial changes. These results highlight the possible global (non-local) effects of prolonged SS. Further research should investigate effects of lower intensity stretching, upper versus lower body stretching, different age groups, incorporate full warm-ups, and identify predominant mechanisms among others.

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Static stretching of the pectoralis major decreases triceps brachii activation during a maximal isometric bench press

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Is the Interpolated-Twitch Technique-Derived Voluntary Activation Just Neural? Novel Perspectives from Mechanomyographic Data

Is the Interpolated-Twitch Technique-Derived Voluntary Activation Just Neural? Novel Perspectives from Mechanomyographic Data

Neuromuscular Correlates of the Contralateral Stretch-induced Strength Loss

Non-local acute stretching effects on strength performance in healthy young adults

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