States’ pharmacist immunization authority and the impact on adult influenza vaccination rates

Impact of pharmacist interventions on immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Table 1 describes the characteristics of the included four RCTs studies (Heaton et al, 2022 ; Klassing et al, 2018 ; Ozdemir et al, 2023 ; Stolpe & Choudhry, 2019 ) and 15 non-RCTs studies (Abu-rish et al, 2021 ; Are et al, 2022 ; Bacci et al, 2019 ; Bayraktar-Ekincioglu et al, 2022 ; Cebollero et al, 2020 ; Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Fathima et al, 2021 ; Gatwood et al, 2022 ; Goldsworthy et al, 2022 ; Goode et al, 2023 ; Howe et al, 2022 ; Page et al, 2020 ; Rihtarchik et al, 2018 ; Scherrer et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ). Two RCTs (Klassing et al, 2018 ; Stolpe & Choudhry, 2019 ) which were both conducted in the USA, evaluated the impact of technology-based systems that facilitated the advocacy strategies of pharmacists in identifying patients for vaccine recommendations.…”

“… Author and year Country Study design Setting Pharmacists role Intervention Brief detail on intervention Type(s) of immunisation Outcome Duration of interventional practice Age group n , intervention/control Bias assessment Abu-rish et al, 2021 Jordan Non-RCT a Hospital Advocator f Monitoring system l Pharmacists discussed and provided booklet regarding the risk of the disease, the disease transmission, pneumococcal vaccines’ (PPSV23 and PCV13) indications, and possible side effects as per guideline recommendations. Comparison: Usual care Pneumococcal Number of vaccine recipients 2 months ≥65 683/844 Moderate risk Are et al, 2022 United States Non-RCT b Community c Immuniser Monitoring system k Pharmacists immunsation authority in different states that are categorised into 3 groups, independent authority, statewide protocol and collaborative practice agreement. Comparison: Without pharmacists immunisation authority Influenza Number of vaccine recipients 1 year ≥18 344,126/27,681 Critical risk Bacci et al, 2019 United States Non-RCT a Community c Advocator i / Immuniser Monitoring system j A technology system, integrated in the pharmacies workflow that enable proactive checking of the immun...…”

“…The remaining four non-RCTs (Are et al, 2022 ; Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ) were categorised as cohort/longitudinal studies with a minimum of two groups. Three of these studies (Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ) evaluated the impact of quality improvement programmes conducted by pharmacists to increase immunisation rates while the other study (Are et al, 2022 ) investigated the impact of having given pharmacists the authority to immunise on immunisation rates in several different states.…”

“…The remaining four non-RCTs (Are et al, 2022 ; Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ) were categorised as cohort/longitudinal studies with a minimum of two groups. Three of these studies (Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ) evaluated the impact of quality improvement programmes conducted by pharmacists to increase immunisation rates while the other study (Are et al, 2022 ) investigated the impact of having given pharmacists the authority to immunise on immunisation rates in several different states. Several studies evaluated the position of pharmacists as immunisers (3 studies, 50%) (Are et al, 2022 ; Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ), reviewing vaccination history and recommending vaccines to potential vaccine recipients or to the doctors in-charge (recruitment –2 studies, 33.3%) (Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ), and patient education (1 study, 16.7%) (Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Three of these studies (Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ) evaluated the impact of quality improvement programmes conducted by pharmacists to increase immunisation rates while the other study (Are et al, 2022 ) investigated the impact of having given pharmacists the authority to immunise on immunisation rates in several different states. Several studies evaluated the position of pharmacists as immunisers (3 studies, 50%) (Are et al, 2022 ; Deslandes et al, 2020 ; Page et al, 2020 ), reviewing vaccination history and recommending vaccines to potential vaccine recipients or to the doctors in-charge (recruitment –2 studies, 33.3%) (Page et al, 2020 ; Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ), and patient education (1 study, 16.7%) (Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ). Two of those studies were from the USA (50%) (Are et al, 2022 ; Page et al, 2020 ), and one study each from Spain (25%) (Villaverde Piñeiro et al, 2022 ), and the UK (25%) (Deslandes et al, 2020 ).…”