State-of-the-Art Survey of Quantum Cryptography

Kumar, Ajay; Garhwal, Sunita

doi:10.1007/s11831-021-09561-2

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 306 publications

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“…Based on Equations ( 24) and ( 26), the yield of the virtual states sent to Bob and Charlie can be deduced. The results can then be used to obtain the virtual yield in Equation (18) and, as a result, obtain the expression for the error rate, E X A X B X C .…”

Section: Security Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite these achievements, a large gap remains between the theoretical assumptions in security proofs of QCC protocols and actual implementation. For instance, challenges exist in relation to secret key rate, transmission distance, size, cost, imperfect physical devices, signal-to-noise ratio, and practical security [3,18,19]. Moreover, other challenges are associated with imperfections in communication channels, for instance, quantum data communications and networking, underwater communication, satellite communication, and fiber-optic communication [20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Sekga

Mafu

2022

Optics

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Multipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising area of quantum networks that provides unconditional secret keys among multiple parties, enabling only legitimate users to decrypt the encrypted message. However, security proofs of existing multipartite QKD typically assume perfect state preparation devices of legitimate users and neglect the relative rotation of reference frames. These presumptions are, nevertheless, very difficult to meet in practice, and thus the security of current multipartite QKD implementations is not guaranteed. By combining the idea of a loss tolerant technique, introduced by Tamaki et al. (K. Tamaki et al., Phys. Rev. A, 90, 052314, 2014), and the concept of a reference frame-independent protocol, we propose a three-party QKD protocol that considers state preparation flaws and the slow drift of reference frames. Through a numerical simulation, the influence of misaliged reference frames on the protocol’s stability was examined by drifting reference frames through angles β=π/5, β=π/6 and β=π/7. In addition, the performance of the proposed protocol was examined for the encoding flaws set at δ=0.35, δ=0.20, and δ=0.10. The results show that the protocol is robust against state preparation flaws, and is insignificantly impacted by misalignment of the reference frames because the achieved transmission distances and secret key rates are comparable to the perfect scenarios. This work dramatically contributes toward the realization of practical and secure multipartite QKD. The proposed protocol has direct applications in quantum communication network environments that involve unknown and slowly varying reference frames, web conferences, and online communications.

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Section: Security Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources

Sekga

Mafu

2022

Optics

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“…In fact, we aim to design the system so that the rate of signal detection (sift probability) is very low (around 10 −3 ), which is much smaller than that of the original BBM92. 1…”

Section: B Proposed Implementation Of Bbm92 Protocol Using Dt/ddmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Security has been one of the most critical issues on the Internet. With the recent development of the Internet of Things (IoT), security has even become a more crucial issue because much of personal information, including health data, is being stored and shared on a much broader scale [1]. One of the central issues in the network security provision is how legitimate parties can share secret keys in advance in a secure manner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Practical Entanglement-Based Satellite FSO/QKD Systems Using Dual-Threshold/ Direct Detection

Pham

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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We propose a new implementation of the BBM92 protocol for satellite continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems using the dual-threshold/direct detection (DT/DD) scheme. The proposed system is less complex and therefore possibly cheaper than current discrete-variable (DV) and CV-QKD ones using coherent detection receivers. We model and analyze the performance of the proposed system in the context that a satellite distributes secret keys to two legitimate users. The analytical results are derived by considering channel loss, atmospheric turbulence-induced fading, and receiver noises. The Gaussian beam model is considered to evaluate the impact of geometric spread on the signal received by legitimate users and the possibility of being eavesdropped. Based on the design criteria for the system and analytical results, we investigate the feasibility of a case study for the Japan QKD network using the existing low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation.

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