State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

Abstract

With an increasing penetration of wind power in the modern electrical grid, the increasing replacement of large conventional synchronous generators by wind power plants will potentially result in deteriorated frequency regulation performance due to the reduced system inertia and primary frequency response. A series of challenging issues arise from the aspects of power system planning, operation, control and protection. Therefore, it is valuable to develop variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs) equipped with frequency regulation capabilities that allow them to effectively participate in addressing severe frequency contingencies. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on frequency regulation methods for VSWTs. It fully describes the concepts, principles and control strategies of prevailing frequency controls of VSWTs, including future development trends. It concludes with a performance comparison of frequency regulation by the four main types of wind power plants.

Ancillary Services in Hybrid AC/DC Low Voltage Distribution Networks

“…In addition, this ancillary service can be at least partly provided by renewable generation units, which usually operate maximizing the power conversion from the primary energy source [155]. As an alternative, the plant can be operated below the maximum power point, allowing reactions to frequency excursions of both signs [156,157]. Otherwise, the non-dispatchable generation units may act exclusively on over frequency events.…”

A Frequency Control Strategy Considering Large Scale Wind Power Cluster Integration Based on Distributed Model Predictive Control

“…where A d , B d , F d and C d denote corresponding discrete-time form of the system matrices in Equation (7). In order to take into account both ∆x m (k) and y(k), and to facilitate DMPC controller design, a new state variable vector x(k) is defined as:…”

“…Currently, both domestic and foreign studies can mainly be classified into three categories according to their spatial level: wind turbine, wind farm and wind power cluster [7]. At the wind turbine level, frequency control research is relatively mature enough, mainly including rotor inertia control [8][9][10], rotor over-speed control [11,12], pitch control [13,14] and composite control [15,16].…”

Dynamic Measurements of the Wind Power Impact on Power System Inertia and Stability

“…The system frequency dynamic is reflected and propagated in the power system instantaneously. During the first period, the inertial response of the spinning machines naturally reacts releasing kinetic energy to the grid [11]- [13]. The appropriate answer of the primary and secondary controllers (AGC -Automatic Generation Control) can fulfil the frequency margins and assure a correct compensation of the frequency deviation in the system [14]- [16].…”