State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: III. Intrauterine devices

Abstract

Since the 1959 revival of the IUD, non-hormonal devices have become the most widely used of all reversible contraceptives. Pregnancy rates of copper-releasing IUDs in current use range from approximately 0.5 to 1.5 per hundred continuing users in the first year, with somewhat lower annual pregnancy rates thereafter. Evidence-based research has been systematically conducted and translated into guidelines for eligibility criteria and problem management. Recent device research, beyond the T, Multiload and frameless devices has centred on improved designs such as U ,Y and Slimline shapes, or enhanced copper release, the latter through electrochemical effects or nanotechnology applications. Other IUD research foci concern devices that decrease bleeding and pain by releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Yet other research lines indicate noncontraceptive benefits of copper intrauterine devices in protecting against endometrial cancer, and favourable risk-benefit analyses of IUD use by women at risk of or post HIV infection. IUD mechanisms of action and the relation of IUDs to pelvic infection and ectopic pregnancy are briefly reviewed. For our literature search we used Medline, Popline and Cochrane Library data bases, Google search, our personal files, and the references contained in articles in our files.

Sexually Transmitted Infections, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, and the Role from Intrauterine Devices: Myth or Fact?

“…The Nazi state between 1933 and 1940 resulted in a diaspora of German and Austrian liberal, socialist and Jewish gynecologists [7]. Social and legal restrictions in the US initially breaked postwar IUD development [7]. In 1959, finally, two publications brought it back to progress [7].…”

“…Despite the growing use of IUDs, their development stopped in view of Germany and Japan began military expansions abroad and opted for pronatalist actions [7]. The Nazi state between 1933 and 1940 resulted in a diaspora of German and Austrian liberal, socialist and Jewish gynecologists [7]. Social and legal restrictions in the US initially breaked postwar IUD development [7].…”

“…Social and legal restrictions in the US initially breaked postwar IUD development [7]. In 1959, finally, two publications brought it back to progress [7].…”

“…Contraception was legalized in 1965 throughout The U.S [7]. After World War II, the plastics industry became strong in The United States and permitted tests with new IUD shapes: bows, spirals, coils and loops [7].…”

“…The new metallic device had a central disc attached by spokes to an outer ring, enhancing retention [6]. Despite the growing use of IUDs, their development stopped in view of Germany and Japan began military expansions abroad and opted for pronatalist actions [7]. The Nazi state between 1933 and 1940 resulted in a diaspora of German and Austrian liberal, socialist and Jewish gynecologists [7].…”