State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Abstract

Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.

Analysis of operating parameters of the aircraft piston engine in real operating conditions

“…It is also confirmed by the research conducted by [9,21,23]. With the authors of the paper [9,23] focusing primarily on identifying differences in emissions between these conditions, the authors of the paper show as focusing on analyzing the causes of these differences [21]. They show that the difference lies primarily in dynamic conditions.…”

“…They showed that the differences between emissions in the test and in reality are significantly greater. It is also confirmed by the research conducted by [9,21,23]. With the authors of the paper [9,23] focusing primarily on identifying differences in emissions between these conditions, the authors of the paper show as focusing on analyzing the causes of these differences [21].…”

Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production

“…Biodiesel is among the most promising alternative fuels produced from virgin and waste cooking vegetable oils or animal fats [4,5]. Due to its renewability, biodegradability, low emission profile, nontoxicity, and high flash point, biodiesel has a number of advantages over petroleum-based diesel [6][7][8][9][10]. In addition, biodiesel increases the operational lifetime of the compression engine and reduces the consumption of the engine spare parts due to the high lubricity of biodiesel [11,12].…”

State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives of Environmentally Friendly Machining Using Biodegradable Cutting Fluids

“…Due to these environmental and health hazards, legislations have been established to minimise the usage of these cutting fluids to ensure environmental sustainability [19]. The suitability of a substance concerning environmental protection is examined by the Global Warming Potential (GWP) [55,56]. US Environmental Protection Agency defines GWP as it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) [52].…”

“…The suitability of a substance concerning environmental protection is examined by the Global Warming Potential (GWP) [55,56]. US Environmental Protection Agency defines GWP as it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) [52].…”