State of the art of urine treatment technologies: A critical review.

Larsen, Tove A.; Riechmann, Michel E.; Udert, Kai M.

doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100114

Cited by 97 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 204 publications

(336 reference statements)

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“…13 Larsen et al provide an in-depth analysis of source-separation and decentralization, touching on advantages, challenges, and required technologies. 14,15 In that vein, our analysis of plasma as a technology is presented within the framework of a decentralized treatment scheme. It takes multiple treatment steps to create urine-derived fertilizers, with distinct steps addressing concerns such as concentration of nutrients, aesthetics management, and mitigating biological and chemical contaminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of plasma for the removal of pharmaceuticals in synthetic urine

Rodrı́guez

Tarpeh

Wigginton

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of plasma for the removal of pharmaceuticals in synthetic urine

Rodrı́guez

Tarpeh

Wigginton

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…There are many patents and scientific papers devoted to improving the performance of this process. Reviews are made by Shi et al [ 38 ], Li et al [ 63 ], Larsen et al [ 64 ], Yakovleva et al [ 65 ], and Krishnamoorthy et al [ 66 ]. The method is quite simple and allows one to obtain fertilizers from residual streams of various composition.…”

Section: Conventional Methods Of the Residual Streams Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The disadvantages of the method are the complexity and bulkiness of distillation columns design and high energy costs for heating. According to estimates presented in [ 64 ], the energy demand of distillation is around 110 Wh/L.…”

Section: Conventional Methods Of the Residual Streams Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microbiological fuel cells (MFCs) , which are reviewed in [ 64 , 80 ], use special types of bacteria that are able to oxidize organic substances with the release of electrons and the conversion of nitrates and nitrites into ammonium cations [ 108 ] ( Figure 5 ). The use of CEM makes it possible to ensure the selective transport of these cations to the cathode, on the surface of which OH − ions are generated due to electrochemical WS.…”

Section: Modern Trends In Nutrients Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery of Nutrients from Residual Streams Using Ion-Exchange Membranes: Current State, Bottlenecks, Fundamentals and Innovations

2022

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The review describes the place of membrane methods in solving the problem of the recovery and re-use of biogenic elements (nutrients), primarily trivalent nitrogen NIII and pentavalent phosphorus PV, to provide the sustainable development of mankind. Methods for the recovery of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphates from natural sources and waste products of humans and animals, as well as industrial streams, are classified. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using membrane processes for the transition to a circular economy in the field of nutrients. The possibilities of different methods, already developed or under development, are evaluated, primarily those that use ion-exchange membranes. Electromembrane methods take a special place including capacitive deionization and electrodialysis applied for recovery, separation, concentration, and reagent-free pH shift of solutions. This review is distinguished by the fact that it summarizes not only the successes, but also the “bottlenecks” of ion-exchange membrane-based processes. Modern views on the mechanisms of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphate transport in ion-exchange membranes in the presence and in the absence of an electric field are discussed. The innovations to enhance the performance of electromembrane separation processes for phosphate and ammonium recovery are considered.

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“…On the other hand, the phosphorus recovered in Scenarios 1 and 2 is of better quality for agricultural use with 44-62% present in plant-available form in northern Finland and 51-74% in northern Sweden. A fraction of the phosphorus in source separated urine and blackwater, will precipitate in plant available form either spontaneously or due to chemical additions used in treatment technologies (such as magnesium or calcium) (Harder et al, 2019;Larsen et al, 2021b). Moreover, the amount of harmful substances like metals in sludge recovered from source separation systems is lower than in sludge from centralised systems (Jönsson et al, 2005;Tidåker et al, 2006b;Viskari et al, 2018;Saliu and Oladoja, 2021).…”

Section: Nutrient Recovery Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular Economy in Wastewater Management—The Potential of Source-Separating Sanitation in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of Northern Finland and Sweden

Lehtoranta

Laukka

Vidal

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Current practices in wastewater management lead to inefficient recovery and reuse of nutrients and can result in environmental problems. Source separation systems have been shown to be an efficient way of recovering nutrients and energy from wastewaters, both in rural and urban context. Studies on nutrient recovery potential and life cycle impacts of source separation systems are mainly limited to small systems (for example a few households) while the impacts of upscaling source separation to a regional level have hardly been studied, especially in sparsely populated areas where the cost of the connection to a main treatment plant is higher. This study examines the regional nutrient balance of two source separation scenarios—black water separation and urine diversion—and compares them to the existing conventional wastewater system. The analysis comprises three sparsely populated regions of northern Finland and Sweden, including rural, peri-urban and urban areas. In addition, climate impacts are assessed based on existing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. According to the results, by source separation it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the recovery rate of phosphorus (41–81%) and nitrogen (689–864%) compared to the conventional system. Depending on the region up to 65% of the mineral phosphorus and 60% of mineral nitrogen fertilisers could be theoretically replaced. Furthermore, the climate and eutrophication impacts would decrease with the implementation of such systems, but an increase in acidification may occur. However, even if the benefits of source separation systems are undisputed in terms of nutrient recovery, the implementation of such systems would to a large extent require an entire system change of the wastewater treatment sector and a wide paradigm change towards a circular economy.

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State of the art of urine treatment technologies: A critical review.

Cited by 97 publications

References 204 publications

Application of plasma for the removal of pharmaceuticals in synthetic urine

Application of plasma for the removal of pharmaceuticals in synthetic urine

Recovery of Nutrients from Residual Streams Using Ion-Exchange Membranes: Current State, Bottlenecks, Fundamentals and Innovations

Circular Economy in Wastewater Management—The Potential of Source-Separating Sanitation in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of Northern Finland and Sweden

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