State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Power Flow Control Methods for Low-Voltage AC and AC-DC Microgrids

Ilyushin, Pavel; Volnyi, Vladislav; Suslov, Konstantin; Filippov, Sergey

doi:10.3390/en16073153

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…The power balance equations are described by ( 6), (7) for the AC side, and (8) for the DC side. The active power balance in the VSC is defined in the same way as in (1) to (3) and that of the reactive power is defined as proposed in (4) and (5). In both modes of operation, the BESS VSC can control the reactive power injection Q AC VSC .…”

Section: St Equivalent Power Flow Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under this new paradigm, MGs play an essential role since they allow for the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) flexibly and efficiently in distribution systems (DSs), even though they require synchronization and reactive power control mechanisms-in AC MGs' case, voltage regulation mechanisms, and in DC MGs' case, power dispatch algorithms-which are characteristics that increase the complexity of EMSs in MGs [2]. HMGs allow the advantages of AC and DC systems to be exploited in a flexible, reliable, and economical manner under a radial structure in most applications [3]. However, these structures require voltage regulation strategies since they present drawbacks about voltage surges at the DER coupling points and overloads at the common coupling points (CCPs) of the MG combined with voltage sags at the end of the feeder in the face of high-loaddemand events [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real-Time Testing Optimal Power Flow in Smart-Transformer-Based Meshed Hybrid Microgrids: Design and Validation

Núñez-Rodríguez,

Unsihuay-Vila,

Posada

et al. 2024

Energies

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The smart transformer (ST) is a multiport and multi-stage converter that allows for the formation of meshed hybrid microgrids (MHMs) by enabling AC-DC ports in medium and low voltage. This type of microgrid has advantages over the performance of conventional hybrid AC-DC microgrids (HMGs); however, the number of degrees of freedom of the ST increases the complexity of the energy management systems (EMSs), which require adequate and accurate modeling of the power flow of the converters and the MG to find the feasible solution of optimal power flow (OPF) problems in the MHM. An ST’s equivalent power flow model is proposed for formulating the MHM OPF problem and developing low-frequency equivalent models integrated with a decoupled hierarchical control architecture under a real-time simulation approach to the ST-based MHM. A simulation model of the MHM in the Simulink® environment of Matlab® 9.12 is developed and implemented under a digital real-time simulation (DRTS) approach on the OPAL-RT® platform. This model allows for determining the accuracy of the developed equivalent models, both low-frequency and power flow, and determining the MHM performance based on optimal day-ahead scheduling. Simulation test results demonstrated the ST equivalent model’s accuracy and the MHM’s accuracy for OPF problems with an optimal day-ahead scheduling horizon based on the model-in-the-loop (MIL) and DRTS approach.

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Section: St Equivalent Power Flow Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Testing Optimal Power Flow in Smart-Transformer-Based Meshed Hybrid Microgrids: Design and Validation

Núñez-Rodríguez,

Unsihuay-Vila,

Posada

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…This is due to the fact that the growth of DER capacity presupposes the following: at the first stage, increasing the complexity of control algorithms in automatic control systems (ACSs) [8]; at the second stage, the application of more advanced types of ACSs and the availability of ICT infrastructure that complies with the minimum requirements [9]; at the third stage, the use of centralized ACSs based on the "master-slave" principle [10]. The third stage requires a mature ICT infrastructure that meets high standards for reliability, transmission capacity, and redundancy [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to Building AC and AC–DC Microgrids on Top of Existing Passive Distribution Networks

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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The process of building microgrids on top of existing passive distribution networks warrants a multi-criteria analysis. Besides the calculation of the investment outlays needed for the modernization of distribution networks, such an analysis covers an assessment of the technological and economic effects of building microgrids. The resulting effects depend on the topology and configuration of distribution networks, specific microgrid features, the choice of the current type for the entire microgrid or its individual parts, the methods of connecting distributed energy resources (DERs), the availability and maturity of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure, and other factors. Comprehensive input data allow for designing an optimal microgrid configuration, but the main technological and economic effects are determined by the algorithms of operation and the parameter settings of the automatic control system (ACS) and the protection system. The known approaches to designing microgrids focus on addressing basic tasks while minimizing the investment required for their implementation. The above is fully justified when constructing new microgrids, but building microgrids on top of existing distribution networks, given the uniqueness of their topology and configuration, does not allow the use of standardized solutions. The development of approaches to the design of microgrids under such constraints, with minimized investment in the modernization of existing distribution networks, is an urgent task. The use of different types of current for individual microgrid segments determines the choice of the particular ACS and protection system, which depends on the availability of information and communications technology infrastructure. This article contributes a review of approaches to designing AC and AC–DC microgrids so as to maximize their technological and economic effects. We review techniques for analyzing the existing distribution networks aimed at choosing the type of current for the entire microgrid or its individual parts, the optimal points for the connection of microgrids to distribution networks, and the mix and capacity of DERs, with such choices informed by the conditions of the switching devices and information and communications technology infrastructure. This article presents the results of the analysis of approaches to choosing the optimal configuration of microgrids, microgrid ACS, and protection system, with an evaluation of the technological and economic effects subject to the minimization of investment in the modernization of the existing distribution networks.

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“…Microgrids are increasingly being used around the world to supply local and small-scale electricity as an alternative/supplement to large central power systems [5]. If fact, several studies investigate the positive impact of applying a microgrid system [6][7][8][9]. Microgrids are developed by transmission and distribution grids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Environmental Analysis of a Microgrid Energy System in a University Office Complex

Almohaimeed

2023

Sustainability

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The world is undergoing an irreversible shift towards clean energy. Microgrids are recognized as a key technology that holds significant potential to make a substantial difference in this regard. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of how microgrids work and their impact on climate. The research presented in this paper focuses on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the main campus of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, through the development and implementation of an engineering model that facilitates the installation of a microgrid system designed to meet the university’s sustainability goals. The study aims to explore possible solutions that can reduce emissions in the administrative building (A7) at Qassim University and meet the university environmental plan. Therefore, a comprehensive study is conducted to investigate the potential reduction in emissions associated with the installation of a microgrid system. This microgrid system operates in a grid-connected mode and comprises three main components: the load, a photovoltaic (PV) system, and batteries. The results of the study indicate that the microgrid reveals a notable transition in the primary sources of electricity. Moreover, the microgrid system proves its capability to meet a substantial portion of the daily energy requirements, highlighting its efficiency and effectiveness in addressing energy needs. The findings of this study highlight the significant potential of the proposed model in curbing carbon emissions, as it demonstrates a reduction from 615.8 to 147.4 Mt of CO2. This reduction aligns with the university’s commitment to sustainability and green initiatives. The computed decrease in carbon footprint emphasizes the possibility of the suggested model to encourage sustainable practices among the university community and mitigate the environmental consequences of energy usage.

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State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Power Flow Control Methods for Low-Voltage AC and AC-DC Microgrids

Cited by 17 publications

References 169 publications

Real-Time Testing Optimal Power Flow in Smart-Transformer-Based Meshed Hybrid Microgrids: Design and Validation

Real-Time Testing Optimal Power Flow in Smart-Transformer-Based Meshed Hybrid Microgrids: Design and Validation

Approaches to Building AC and AC–DC Microgrids on Top of Existing Passive Distribution Networks

Techno-Environmental Analysis of a Microgrid Energy System in a University Office Complex

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