State-of-the-art imaging for diagnosis of metastatic bone disease

Abstract

Table 1 Epidemiological indicators: total number of cancer cases in Germany in 2013 (modified according to [21]) New cases Women Men Death Women Men Absolute number 229,920 252,550 Absolute number 101,779 121,314 Mean age at diagnosis 67.2 68.3 Mean age at diagnosis 74.3 73.3 Raw rate 558.4 639.9 Raw rate 247.2 307.7 Age-standardized rate a 351.2 434.1 Age-standardized rate a 126.7 196.5 Current trend +0.8%-0.5% Current trend-0.7%-1.2% Age-standardized rate a 327.9 447.6 Age-standardized rate a 126.8 211.8 Prognosis for 2020 (absolute number) 244,100 274,900 Prognosis for 2020 (absolute number)-0.8%-1.5%

Detection and Characterization of Musculoskeletal Cancer Using Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging

“…Most recently the application of DECT virtual non-calcium algorithms (where the calciumcontaining bony structures can be mathematically subtracted to reveal underlying medullary lesions) is being used to assess bone lesions and disease load as well as to identify focal biopsy targets. 1,59,60 DECT offers similar (or slightly higher but still acceptable) radiation doses when compared with standard CT scans. This technology shows promising results in patients where WB-MRI is contraindicated.…”

“…Plain radiographs remain the initial imaging modality in most patients presenting with musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms limited to a specific region. 1,3,[36][37][38] They can be used to assess disease presence, for treatment planning, and to assess the risk of bone complications such as the likelihood of fractures. For the latter, classifications systems such as the Mirels' scoring for proximal femoral fractures risk and the Spine Instability Neoplastic Score can be used.…”

“…For the latter, classifications systems such as the Mirels' scoring for proximal femoral fractures risk and the Spine Instability Neoplastic Score can be used. 1 However, conventional radiography is not very sensitive for depicting the early stages of malignant bone marrow infiltration. At least 50% of trabecular bone needs to be destroyed before the tumors become detectable on radiographs.…”

“…36 Small ill-defined lesions are easily missed on radiographs, particularly in patients with low bone mineral density (e.g., when background osteoporosis together with diffuse marrow infiltration is co-present), or if there is an abundance of overlying superimposed shadows. 1 The detection of lesions in the axial skeleton is also limited by plain radiography compared with cross-sectional imaging. In a significant number of patients, additional imaging is used to detect and characterize lesions.…”

Recent Advances in Nanomedicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis

“…Several factors determine how these diagnostic tools are implemented throughout the treatment of PCa. State-of-the-art diagnostic imaging tools for the assessment of metastatic bone disease are described in detail elsewhere [ 69 ]. Here, we briefly discuss diagnostic imaging research related to bone metastatic PCa.…”