State-of-the-Art Extraction Methodologies for Bioactive Compounds from Algal Biome to Meet Bio-Economy Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Over the years, significant research efforts have been made to extract bioactive compounds by applying different methodologies for various applications. For instance, the use of bioactive compounds in several commercial sectors such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical and chemical industries, has promoted the need of the most suitable and standardized methods to extract these bioactive constituents in a sophisticated and cost-effective manner. In practice, several conventional extraction methods have numerous limitations, e.g., lower efficacy, high energy cost, low yield, etc., thus urges for new state-of-the-art extraction methodologies. Thus, the optimization along with the integration of efficient pretreatment strategies followed by traditional extraction and purification processes, have been the primary goal of current research and development studies. Among different sources, algal biome has been found as a promising and feasible source to extract a broader spectrum of bioactive compounds with point-of-care application potentialities. As evident from the literature, algal bio-products includes biofuels, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, enzymes, polysaccharides, and proteins. The recovery of products from algal biomass is a matter of constant development and progress. This review covers recent advancements in the extraction methodologies such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized-liquid extraction (PLF) along with their working mechanism for extracting bioactive compounds from algal-based sources to meet bio-economy challenges and opportunities. A particular focus has been given to design characteristics, performance evaluation, and point-of-care applications of different bioactive compounds of microalgae. The previous and recent studies on the anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral potentialities of algal-based bioactive compounds have also been discussed with particular reference to the mechanism underlying the effects of these active constituents with the related pathways. Towards the end, the information is also given on the possible research gaps, future perspectives and concluding remarks.

Advanced Technologies for the Extraction of Marine Brown Algal Polysaccharides

“…Furthermore, various combinations of chromatographic techniques can be used to achieve high throughput screening and percent purification. For validation purposes, numerous analytical equipment and instrumental techniques can be used to identify and quantify the active fractions of extracted compounds [98].…”

From Seabed to Bedside: A Review on Promising Marine Anticancer Compounds

“…Many conventional methods of extraction have presented a number of drawbacks leading to lower yield and high-energy cost. A properly designed and implemented methodology of extraction such as enzyme-assisted extraction, supercritical-fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extracted, and pressurized-liquid extraction has been demonstrated to meet challenges and opportunities in algae producers [179].…”

“…Changing culture conditions, genetic engineering of organisms [37,178,185] Properly designed and implemented extraction methodologies [179] Structural complexity of the marine compounds In silico screening programs, NMR and MS [75,[185][186][187][188] Correct taxonomic determination Genomic approaches [191][192][193][194] Moderated efficacy Conjugation with antibodies [196] Encapsulation with nanoparticles [201,202] Combination with other drugs [201,202] Use of cell-penetrating peptides and tumor homing peptides [197,199,200,203] High market value Rigorous planning on the usage of marine-derived drugs [162] Another powerful strategy that could enhance the efficacy of marine-derived drugs is the conjugation of marine compounds to cell-penetrating peptides and tumor homing specific peptides such as RGD peptides. Cell-penetrating peptides have the ability to improve the cellular penetrability of therapeutics through the plasmatic and/or nuclear membrane to reach the target, enhancing the efficacy of the marine drug.…”

Potential of Microalgae Biomass for the Sustainable Production of Bio-commodities

“…However, conventional extraction methods have several limitations (i.e. low efficieny and yield and high costs) and need further improvement to be effective but safe for humans and environmentally sustainable (Sosa-Hernández et al 2018).…”