State of the art and practice in <scp>AI</scp> in education

Holmes, W.; Tuomi, Ilkka

doi:10.1111/ejed.12533

Cited by 148 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, the digitalisation of education accelerated during the COVID‐19 pandemic, driven by many initiatives to support education at home during school closures (Cone et al, 2021). Until recently, most learning technologies have focused on delivering educational content and/or managing educational arrangements (Holmes & Tuomi, 2022; Tabuenca et al, 2021). Although these technologies were mostly unintelligent, they do provide a solid foundation for developments towards more intelligent learning technologies.…”

Section: Developments Towards Hybrid Intelligent Learning Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards hybrid human‐AI learning technologies

Molenaar

2022

Euro J of Education

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Education is a unique area for application of artificial intelligence (AI). In this article, the augmentation perspective and the concept of hybrid intelligence are introduced to frame our thinking about AI in education. The involvement of quadruple helix stakeholders (i.e., researchers, education professionals, entrepreneurs, and policymakers) is necessary to understand the opportunities and challenges of different educational use cases from an integrated point of view. To facilitate a meaningful dialogue, a common language about AI in education is needed. This article outlines elements of such a common language. The detectdiagnose-act framework is used to describe the core functions of AI in education. The six levels of automation model is introduced to develop our thinking about the roles of AI, learners, and teachers in educational arrangements. In this model, the transition of control between teacher and technology is articulated at different levels and related to the augmentation perspective. Finally, the future of AI in education is discussed using self-regulated learning as an example. The proposed common language will help to support a coordinated development of an interdisciplinary dialogue between quadruple helix stakeholders to strengthen meaningful application of AI for learning and teaching.

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Section: Developments Towards Hybrid Intelligent Learning Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards hybrid human‐AI learning technologies

Molenaar

2022

Euro J of Education

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“…Despite this limitation, chatbots have been used in diverse and creative ways, such as being learning partners, to support exam preparation, to answer frequently asked questions, , and as virtual students with misconceptions to support an authentic, meaningful, and open-ended teaching situation with preservice teachers . Reviews in this area describe chatbots as educational resources growing in popularity and functionality − because more students have access to the Internet at home and at school, there is greater availability of intelligent learning technologies, and due to the digitalization of education accelerated by school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic . However, with this emerging resource, research gaps exist as there are few empirical studies investigating effective learning designs or learning strategies for this technology …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Use of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot with General Chemistry Exam Questions

Clark

2023

J. Chem. Educ.

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The artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT was used to answer questions from final exams administered in two general chemistry courses, including questions with closed-response format and with open-response format. For closed-response questions, ChatGPT was very capable at identifying the concept even when the question included a great deal of chemical symbolism. However, ChatGPT’s success at solving problems was only 44%, a value well below the class average of 69%. On open-response questions, ChatGPT’s responses displayed strong language processing ability with higher performance on questions that could be solved with more generalizable information compared to questions that required specific skills, especially when those topics or skills were primarily found in lecture. Incorrect responses and flawed explanations were often logically sound and would be persuasive to a novice. The chatbot is currently ill-equipped to provide reliable answers or explanations to students for many representative exam questions, but a potential use is to create assignments in which students analyze and improve ChatGPT’s responses.

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“…The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has piqued the interest of educational technologists in determining how to incorporate such advancements in teaching and learning [8][9][10][11][12]. One area that has gained a lot of interest in academic writing, where AI-based tools are being created to help researchers to reduce the time needed in manuscript preparation [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ChatGPT Output Regarding Compulsory Vaccination and COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy: A Descriptive Study at the Outset of a Paradigm Shift in Online Search for Information

Sallam¹,

Salim²,

Barakat³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background: Being on the verge of a revolutionary approach to gathering information, ChatGPT (an artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model developed by OpenAI, and capable of producing human-like text) could be the prime motive of a paradigm shift on how humans will acquire information. Despite the concerns related to the use of such a promising tool in relation to the future of the quality of education, this technology will soon be incorporated into web search engines mandating the need to evaluate the output of such a tool. Previous studies showed that dependence on some sources of online information (e.g., social media platforms) was associated with higher rates of vaccination hesitancy. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to describe the output of ChatGPT regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine conspiracy beliefs. and compulsory vaccination. Methods: The current descriptive study was conducted on January 14, 2023 using the ChatGPT from OpenAI (OpenAI, L.L.C., San Francisco, CA, USA). The output was evaluated by two authors and the degree of agreement regarding the correctness, clarity, conciseness, and bias was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa. Results: The ChatGPT responses were dismissive of conspiratorial ideas about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) origins labeling it as non-credible and lacking scientific evidence. Additionally, ChatGPT responses were totally against COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy statements. Regarding compulsory vaccination, ChatGPT responses were neutral citing the following as advantages of this strategy: protecting public health, maintaining herd immunity, reducing the spread of disease, cost-effectiveness, and legal obligation, and on the other hand, it cited the following as disadvantages of compulsory vaccination: ethical and legal concerns, mistrust and resistance, logistical challenges, and limited resources and knowledge. Conclusions: The current study showed that ChatGPT could be a source of information to challenge COVID-19 vaccine conspiracies. For compulsory vaccination, ChatGPT resonated with the divided opinion in the scientific community toward such a strategy; nevertheless, it detailed the pros and cons of this approach. As it currently stands, the judicious use of ChatGPT could be utilized as a user-friendly source of COVID-19 vaccine information that could challenge conspiracy ideas with clear, concise, and non-biased content. However, ChatGPT content cannot be used as an alternative to the original reliable sources of vaccine information (e.g., the World Health Organization [WHO] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]).

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State of the art and practice in AI in education

Cited by 148 publications

References 108 publications

Towards hybrid human‐AI learning technologies

Towards hybrid human‐AI learning technologies

Investigating the Use of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot with General Chemistry Exam Questions

ChatGPT Output Regarding Compulsory Vaccination and COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy: A Descriptive Study at the Outset of a Paradigm Shift in Online Search for Information

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