State‐of‐the‐Art

Heavy Metal with a Heavy Impact: Olefin Dimerization Reactions in Triphenylbismuth Buffered Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

“…Finally, an EtAlCl 2 based chloroaluminate ionic liquid similar to a commercial DIFASOL composition [23] was modified with our BiPh 3 buffer and tested in batch propene dimerization reactions ( Table 5). The unmodified system gave about 80 % dimers (Entry 27, Table 5) with catalyst precursor 1.…”

Influence of Ionic Association, Transport Properties, and Solvation on the Catalytic Hydrogenation of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene in Ionic Liquids

“…Ionic liquids (ILs) are up-and-coming solvents for catalysis, with the number of publications in this field growing at an exponential rate. − ILs have specific properties that, when they are used as reaction media, may have more important consequences on catalytic processes than traditional solvents. − In some catalytic reactions, the difference between ILs and traditional solvents has been related to their chemical role, interfering with the reaction. , For example, imidazolium moieties of the cation may be deprotonated in situ and therefore coordinate to metal centers as imidazolylidene- N -heterocyclic carbene ligands. − Certain ILs themselves exhibit catalytic activity, for instance Friedel–Crafts alkylations and acylations occur readily in these media. , In other cases, differences in reactivity have an origin in physical chemistry, , resulting from peculiar solvation phenomena in ILs, which are more structured solvents than molecular fluids. ,, …”

How do Physical−Chemical Parameters Influence the Catalytic Hydrogenation of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene in Ionic Liquids?

“…As reaction media, ILs have specific properties that may have consequences on the catalytic process. In some catalytic reactions, the difference between the use of ILs and traditional solvents has been related to the chemical role of ILs, which can serve as new ligands for the catalytic metal center, as catalyst activators, as cocatalysts, or even as catalysts themselves. ,, In other cases, differences in reactivity have a physical-chemical origin, , resulting from peculiar solvation phenomena including specific interactions between the IL and the substrate (H-bonds, cation−π), − mass transfer factors (viscosity, diffusivity), and effects attributed to the highly structured nature of ILs. − …”