State of Ambient Air Quality in Marrakech City (Morocco) Over the Period 2009 – 2012

Inchaouh, Manal

doi:10.21660/2017.29.1254

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The number and type of recommendations outlined in the studies through using the Open Standards Conservation Actions Classification highlights many areas that were either not studied or had limited study. For example, far more papers alluded to wildlife with few considering areas such as pollution (Inchaouh et al, 2017;Megido et al, 2017), biological invasions or off-roading (see Figures 6, 7). Furthermore, whilst some of the papers described animal behaviour around roads (e.g., road avoidance, foraging near roads; Bortolamiol et al, 2016), a broader search that includes additional terms, specifically "behaviour" will likely source further road ecology-related studies (for example, Shepard et al, 2008;Neumann et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of Road Ecology Research in Africa: Do We Understand the Impacts of Roads, and How to Successfully Mitigate Them?

et al. 2019

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Across Africa, transport infrastructure, including roads, is being built in over 30 planned development corridors that are likely to have major impacts on remaining natural habitats and associated biodiversity. Linked to this is the projected increase in human population size, which is predicted to grow by 1.3 billion people by 2050. Road ecology is the study of the ecological effects (both positive and negative) of roads and traffic but is perceived to be under-researched in Africa. In this context, we undertook a systematic review of road ecology research in Africa to understand the geographic and taxonomic scope of work undertaken to date, as well as recommendations for reducing the impacts of roads. We discovered 210 road ecology publications from Africa (published between 1954 and 2016), with most publications from the more affluent and politically stable regions (e.g., southern and East Africa). We found more publications than expected, with relevant research concealed within studies whose primary focus was on other topics. Most publications (1) focused on single species, and in particular on mammals (where chimpanzees and forest elephants were most studied); (2) were from southern Africa; and 3) were conducted in the grassland and savannah biome and the tropical and subtropical forest biome. Most publications examined the direct impacts of roads, in particular wildlife-vehicle collisions. Only one-third of the publications provided some form of recommendation for intervention to reduce or mitigate the impacts of roads, based on evidence from the publication. Most recommended interventions related to ecosystem or natural process recreation, as well as site and area stewardship. Gaps and future directions for research include rigorous testing of measures to mitigate the impacts of roads, inclusion of traffic monitoring in studies, understanding the impacts of upgrading roads, and exploring livelihood, economic and moral incentives and education and training as potential interventions for reducing the impacts of roads. Our review has highlighted the need for accelerating the study of the impacts of roads on natural habitats and biodiversity, in light of planned large-scale infrastructure development, and especially the study of appropriate mitigation measures that can be rigorously assessed and implemented before and during construction and upgrading of roads in Africa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of Road Ecology Research in Africa: Do We Understand the Impacts of Roads, and How to Successfully Mitigate Them?

et al. 2019

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“…This makes the city a subject to photochemical pollution mainly due to its geographical location inducing strong sunlight. During spring and summer, O 3 concentrations in the city reach alarming levels and exceed the thresholds [ 49 , 50 ]. Trends in temperature and O 3 percentiles and extreme events echo the trends in averages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent Heat Waves and Extreme Ozone (O3) Episodes: Combined Atmospheric Patterns and Impact on Human Health

Khomsi

Chelhaoui

Alilou

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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More recurrent heat waves and extreme ozone (O3) episodes are likely to occur during the next decades and a key question is about the concurrence of those hazards, the atmospheric patterns behind their appearance, and their joint effect on human health. In this work, we use surface maximum temperature and O3 observations during extended summers in two cities from Morocco: Casablanca and Marrakech, between 2010 and 2019. We assess the connection between these data and climate indices (North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), and Saharan Oscillation (SaO)). We then identify concurrent heat waves and O3 episodes, the weather type behind this concurrence, and the combined health risks. Our findings show that the concurrence of heat waves and O3 episodes depends both on the specific city and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The likely identified synoptic pattern is when the country is under the combined influence of an anticyclonic area in the north and the Saharan trough extending the depression centered in the south. This pattern generates a warm flow and may foster photochemical pollution. Our study is the first step toward the establishment of an alert system. It will help to provide recommendations for coping with concurrent heat waves and air pollution episodes.

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“…30 Lower concentrations below the permissible limit set by the WHO were found in some African towns, such as Marrakesh (Morocco) and Tunis (Tunisia). 33 , 34 These results should alert public authorities to monitor SO 2 emissions to avoid environmental and health consequences. The main sources of SO 2 are from traffic and combustion in motors, and reduction of sulfur levels in fuel in West African countries is crucial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Pollutants Along the National Road N2 in Togo using the AERMOD Dispersion Model

Amouzouvi

Dzagli

Sagna

et al. 2020

Journal of Health and Pollution

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Background. Air pollution has become a major problem around the world and is increasingly an issue in Togo due to increased vehicular traffic. Gaseous pollutants are released by engines and are very harmful to human health and the environment. The fuels used on the major road in Togo, the N2, are adulterated with unknown contents and are of poor quality. Many of the vehicles come from neighboring countries, such as Benin, Ghana and Nigeria. Objectives. The present study aims to evaluate the pollution rate in Togo through the estimation of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particular matter (PM) on the international road, the National Road N2, in Lomé, compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard limit. Methods. The simulations of pollutant concentration were performed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term Version 3 model, which is included in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (USEPA) AERMOD View software. The meteorological averages data were obtained from the local station near the National Road N2 in Togo in 2018. Hourly averages were calculated according to the European Monitoring Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 and were processed using AERMET View and a terrain pre-processor, AERMAP. For the model, the sources of pollution were the vehicles traveling on the road segment. The source was a line volume with 20 m of width and 2 m of height. The estimation methodology covered exhaust emissions of NOx, SO2 and PM contained in the fuel. Results. The simulations provided average hourly, daily and annual concentrations of the different pollutants: 71.91 μg/m3, 42.41 μg/m3,11.23 μg/m3 for SO2; 16.78 μg/m3, 9.89 μg/m3, 2.46 μg/m3 for NOx and below the detection limit, 0.62 μg/m3, 0.15 μg/m3 for PM, respectively. These results indicate that on the National Road N2 in Togo, the concentrations of SO2 were high compared to those of NOx and PM. The daily average concentration of SO2 was twice the permissible limits set by the WHO. Conclusions. Emissions obtained from the AERMOD for NOx and PM were less than the permissible limits set by the WHO, while the rate of SO2 was twice the permissible limit. The fuels used on this road were very rich in sulfur. The sulfur level in fuels must be monitored by stakeholders in Togo. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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State of Ambient Air Quality in Marrakech City (Morocco) Over the Period 2009 – 2012

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Status of Road Ecology Research in Africa: Do We Understand the Impacts of Roads, and How to Successfully Mitigate Them?

Status of Road Ecology Research in Africa: Do We Understand the Impacts of Roads, and How to Successfully Mitigate Them?

Concurrent Heat Waves and Extreme Ozone (O3) Episodes: Combined Atmospheric Patterns and Impact on Human Health

Evaluation of Pollutants Along the National Road N2 in Togo using the AERMOD Dispersion Model

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