State-Independent and -Dependent Structural Connectivity Alterations in Depression

Abstract

Some brain abnormalities persist at the remission phase, that is, the state-independent abnormalities, which may be one of the reasons for the high recurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD). Hence, it is of great significance to identify state-independent abnormalities of MDD through longitudinal investigation. Ninety-nine MDD patients and 118 healthy controls (HCs) received diffusion tensor imaging scanning at baseline. After 6-month antidepressant treatment, 68 patients received a second scan, among which 59 patients achieved full clinical remission. Differences in whole-brain structural connectivity (SC) between patients with MDD at baseline and HCs were estimated by two-sample t-tests. Masked with significantly changed SCs in MDD, two-sample t-tests were conducted between the remitted MDD subgroup at follow-up and HCs, and paired t-tests were implemented to compare the differences of SC in the remitted MDD subgroup before and after treatment. Significantly decreased SC between the right insula and the anterior temporal cortex (ATC), between the right ATC and the posterior temporal cortex (PTC), between the left ATC and the auditory cortex as well as increased connectivity between the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the left medial parietal cortex (MPC) were observed in the MDD group compared with the HC group at baseline (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). The decreased connectivity between the right insula and the ATC and increased connectivity between the right PCC and the left MPC persisted in the remitted MDD subgroup at follow-up (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). The decreased SC between the right insula and the ATC and increased SC between the right PCC and left MPC showed state-independent characters, which may be implicated in the sustained negative attention bias and motor retardation in MDD. In contrast, the decreased SC between the right ATC and the PTC and between the left ATC and the auditory cortex seemed to be state-dependent.

Brain connectivity in major depressive disorder: a precision component of treatment modalities?

“… Structural (cont.) Fan et al [ 35 ] 59 MDD, 118 HC -Paroxetine (SSRI) -6 months -FA -MRI before and after treatment Decreased SC between the right ATC and the posterior temporal cortex (PTC), and between the left temporal cortex and the auditory cortex were reversed at remission. Grieve et al [ 27 ] -74 MDD to calculate FA measures -83 MDD for replication -Escitalopram (SSRI), Sertraline (SSRI), or Venlafaxine-XR (SNRI) -8 weeks -FA of stria terminalis and cingulate bundle The ratio of the FA of the stria terminalis over the cingulate identified non-remitters with an accuracy of 83-88%, with greater specificity for Escitalopram and Sertraline.…”

“…Fan et al (2020) found four SC alterations in patients with MDD compared to HC. After 6 months of Paroxetine, two of these alterations, between the right anterior and posterior temporal cortex, and between the left temporal cortex and the auditory cortex, reversed at remission, hinting towards state-dependent alterations in MDD [ 35 ].…”

IncHI1 plasmids are epidemic vectors that mediate transmission of tet(X4) in Escherichia coli isolated from China

“…Tigecycline is an important antibiotic which can be used as a "last line of defense" against serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (Doan et al, 2006) which was launched for clinical usage in 2010 in China. Since then, it has been used increasingly in treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections (Zhang et al, 2020a). However, owing to the increased use of tigecycline, including for treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections, tigecycline-resistant bacteria have emerged and now pose an important clinical concern (Kaewpoowat and Ostrosky-Zeichner, 2014;Ni et al, 2016).…”

“…The wide transmission of plasmid-mediated tet(X) in recent years presents a threat for clinical treatment of infections (Zhai et al, 2022), mutation of tet(X) into different variants has been observed with extended spectrum of activity of some conferring resistance to tigecycline (Yaghoubi et al, 2022). Among the different subtypes of tet(X), tet(X3)/tet(X4)/tet(X5) can mediate high-level resistance to tigecycline which is a clinical problem (Zhang et al, 2020a). Of these, tet(X4) has recently been detected from food-producing animals and is the most prevalent tet(X) subtype in China Feng et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2022).…”

“…Of these, tet(X4) has recently been detected from food-producing animals and is the most prevalent tet(X) subtype in China Feng et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2022). The emergence of tigecycline resistance in animals suggests this may be an important reservoir for human infection, recent reports indicate that the transmission of tet(X4) can be mediated by diverse vectors, including IncX1, IncX4, IncX1/N, IncX1/FIA/B/Y, IncX1/FIA/B/HI1A/B, IncFIA/B/HI1A/B, IncFII, Col, IncQ, and IncFIB/FIA(HI1)/X1 plasmids Sun et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020b;Mohsin et al, 2021;Shafiq et al, 2022). This suggests tet(X4) genes can be spread by many vectors, but it is unclear which is of most importance.…”