This article proposes a quantitative analysis of the interdependencies between port specialization and regional specialization across the world. A global database is elaborated, covering about 360 port regions located in both developed and developing countries. One main goal is to verify how interdependent port traffic and regional characteristics are, in a context of increasingly flexible commodity and value chains. Despite the aggregated dimension of available data and the heterogeneity of local situations, the main results confirm the affinity between the primary sector and raw materials traffic, and the tertiary sector and general cargo traffic, while the industrial sector offers mixed evidence. This allows confirmation of a number of fundamental questions raised by both economic geography and regional science about transport and local development. The global typology of port regions provided in this article underlines certain regularities in their spatial distribution and discusses the policy implications of particular cases.