State-dependent pattern of Fos protein expression in regionally-specific sites within the preoptic area of the cat

Paradoxical Sleep Suppresses Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Rodent Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

“…These observations compliment and extend prior studies demonstrating that neuronal firing (Deboer et al, 2003) and gene expression (Lee et al, 2009) within the SCN are also influenced by the occurrence of PS. In addition, our findings converge with those of Torterolo et al (2009) who reported (in Table 1 of their publication) that c-fos positive cells in the rostral SCN totaled 83.4 ± 25.6 during NREM sleep. But, during carbachol-induced REM, that number was reduced to 9.6 ± 2.7.…”

“…While our findings concur with other those from other investigators who have employed c-fos protein expression as a marker of neuronal activity during wakefulness and sleep (Torterolo et al, 2009), this technique is not without procedural and interpretative limitations. First, during immunohistochemical processing, variations in primary, secondary, or tertiary antibody concentrations could lead to differences in staining of c-fos positive cells.…”

Heart rate variability during carbachol-induced REM sleep and cataplexy

“…Surgical procedures were the same as those employed in our previous studies [18][19][20]. Briefly, each animal was pre-medicated with xylazine, atropine and antibiotics.…”

“…In order to induce REMc or CA, carbachol (0.8 g in 0.2 l of saline) was microinjected unilaterally for a period of 1 min into the NPO with a Hamilton syringe [19,[21][22][23]. The coordinates were AP −2 to −3, L 1.5 to 2.5, H −3.5 to −5, according to Berman [24].…”

MCH levels in the CSF, brain preproMCH and MCHR1 gene expression during paradoxical sleep deprivation, sleep rebound and chronic sleep restriction

“…Furthermore, the activation of MCHergic neurons by means of the optogenetic technique promotes sleep, mainly PS [9,11,32]. The role of MCH in the modulation of sleep in different brain areas, such as the dorsal raphe nucleus, the preoptic area and the basal forebrain of the rat, as well as in the nucleus pontis oralis of the cat was characterized [4,12,13,29]. Microinjection of MCH into these nuclei resulted in an increase of PS and/or SWS.…”