State dependent learning in humans

Bustamante, Jose Angel; Jordan, Abbie; Suárez, Helena Vila; González, Ana Isabel González; Insua, A.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(70)90281-7

Cited by 54 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The latter set of results is the more common finding (e.g., Bustamente et al, 1970;Eich et al, 1975;Goodwin et al, 1969); however, symmetrical dissociation has also been demonstrated (e.g., Stillman et al, 1974;Weingartner et al, 1973). The reason for this difference is unclear and may involve a quantitative and qualitative aspect of the material being encoded in the drug state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In general the degree of state-dependency depends on the particular drug, the dosage, and the type of task the subject is required to perform. State-dependency is a well documented finding in the animal literature (e.g., Overton,/966, 1968,/972) and recently has received a good deal of attention in human research as well (e.g., Bustamente et al, 1970;Darley et al, /974;Eich et al, 1975;Goodwin et al, 1969;Weingartner and Faillace, 1971). Most of the human work has been concerned with demonstrating the existence of the phenomenon and relatively little with explicating the nature of the memory deficits.…”

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confidence: 94%

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Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning

Petersen

1977

Psychopharmacology

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Retrieval processes subject to disruption by alteration of drug conditions were studied in a state-dependent learning experiment. On the first day of the 2-day experiment, 28 human subjects performed four verbal learning tasks in either an alcohol state (1.0 ml/kg) or a sober state, and the next day they attempted to recall the material in either the same or in an altered condition. Two of the tasks involved recall cues or prompts, and the other two required the subjects to recall the material unaided. Results indicated state-dependency on the two tasks that did not involve recall cues and no state-dependency on the two tasks involving cues. This finding indicates that memory failures resulting from a changed drug state can be reversed by appropriate experimental cueing or prompting, and implies that a learner's drug state has stimulus properties for recall. The role of drugs in contributing to a person's cognitive context and the resultant effects on memory are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning

Petersen

1977

Psychopharmacology

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“…79 They may also be so impaired by the effects of substance use that their motivations and skills cannot be implemented. This may also be an example of state-dependent learning, [80][81][82] whereas adolescents who learned HIV risk-reduction behavior skills and motivation when they were sober are unable to implement them when they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Information and Behavioral Skills Moderate the Effects of Relationship Type and Substance Use on HIV Risk Behaviors Among African American Youth

Mustanski

Byck

Newcomb

et al. 2013

AIDS Patient Care and STDs

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic is disproportionately impacting young African Americans. Efforts to understand and address risk factors for unprotected sex in this population are critical in improving prevention efforts. Situational risk factors, such as relationship type and substance use before sex, are in need of further study. This study explored how established cognitive predictors of risky sexual behavior moderated the association between situational factors and unprotected sex among low-income, African American adolescents. The largest main effect on the number of unprotected sex acts was classifying the relationship as serious (event rate ratio = 10.18); other significant main effects were alcohol use before sex, participant age, behavioral skills, and level of motivation. HIV information moderated the effect of partner age difference, motivation moderated the effects of partner age difference and drug use before sex, and behavioral skills moderated the effects of alcohol and drug use before sex. This novel, partnership-level approach provides insight into the complex interactions of situational and cognitive factors in sexual risk taking.

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“…Third, the TI task may be performed with or without conscious awareness of the task contingencies (Greene et al, 2001), which allows a comparison to DM tasks. TI and DM share several properties: Episodic and semantic memory are not optimally encoded as atomic learning events but rather are organized into representations of self and world knowledge (for this argument, see Clark & Squire 1998) that are both context-dependent (e.g., Bustamante, Jordan, Vila, Gonzalez, & Insua, 1970), associatively organized (Kumaran & Maguire, 2005;Craik & Tulving, 1975;Bransford & Franks, 1971), and capable of supporting the flexibility of predictive inference under novel conditions (e.g., Hartley, Maguire, Spiers, & Burgess, 2003;Nagode et al, 2002;Carlson, 1992). The capacity for context-dependent and inferential expression of associative learning confers a flexibility that is likely the principal benefit of experience (for this argument, see Cohen, Poldrack, & Eichenbaum, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An fMRI Analysis of the Human Hippocampus: Inference, Context, and Task Awareness

Greene

Gross

Elsinger

et al. 2006

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

112

125

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The hippocampus is critical for encoding and retrieving semantic and episodic memories. Animal studies indicate that the hippocampus is also required for relational learning tasks. A prototypical relational learning task, and the one investigated in this experiment, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, is the transitive inference (TI) task. In the TI task, participants were to choose between A and B (A?B) and learned by trial and error to choose A (A > B). There were four such premise pairs during a training (A > B, B > C, C > D, D > E). These can be acquired distinctly or can be organized into a superordinate hierarchy (A > B > C > D > E), which would efficiently represent all the learned relations and allow inferences (e.g., B > D). At test there was no reinforcement: In addition to premise pairs, untrained pairings were introduced (e.g., A?E, B?D). Correctly inferring that B > D is taken as evidence for the formation of a superordinate hierarchy; several alternatives to the superordinate hierarchy hypothesis are considered. Awareness of the formation of this hierarchy was measured by a postscan questionnaire. Four main findings are reported: (1) Inferential performance and task awareness dissociated behaviorally and at the level of hemodynamic response; (2) As expected, performance on the inferred relation, B > D, corresponded to the ability to simultaneously acquire B > C and C > D premise pairs during training; (3) Interestingly, acquiring these "inner pairs" corresponded to greater hippocampal activation than the "outer pairs" (A > B, D > E) for all participants. However, a distinct pattern of hippocampal activity for these inner pairs differentiated those able to perform the inferential discrimination, B > D, at test. Because these inner premise pairs require contextual discrimination (e.g., C is incorrect in the context of B but correct in the context of D), we argue that the TI task is hippocampal-dependent because the premise pair acquisition necessary for inference is hippocampal-dependent; (4) We found B > D related hippocampal activity at test that is anatomically consistent with pre-consolidation recall effects shown in other studies.

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State dependent learning in humans

Cited by 54 publications

References 2 publications

Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning

Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning

HIV Information and Behavioral Skills Moderate the Effects of Relationship Type and Substance Use on HIV Risk Behaviors Among African American Youth

An fMRI Analysis of the Human Hippocampus: Inference, Context, and Task Awareness

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