State Building before 1644

Li, Gertraude Roth; Peterson, Willard J.

doi:10.1017/chol9780521243346.003

Cited by 57 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 193 publications

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“…The purpose of this study is to explain how the Jurchens’ military innovation had been achieved before the Qing Empire was founded, especially focusing on a period from the early fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century. During this time, the Jurchens’ military innovations took place in the steppes—the original Manchu people's homeland, located in the northeast area of China, which encompassed not only a high density of wildlife between the Songhua and Liao rivers but also a wide plain (Huang, 1990; Li, 2002). Considering the fact that the rise of the Jurchens’ military power occurred in a special place at a special time on the Northeast Asian continent, I, as an important step to find an alternative to comparative military studies and New Qing history, try to pay attention to the extensive interactions with Ming China and Chosŏn.…”

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toward the end of the fifteenth century, the Jianzhou confederation provided Chosŏn with sable in exchange for horse saddles, plows, pickaxes, alcohol, rice, shoes, and paper 14 . The Chosŏn court maximized their control over the iron trade because it could be used to make weapons, but these measures proved ultimately ineffective as the Jurchen obtained iron through informal trading (Li, 2002). By importing a variety of trading goods including iron from Chosŏn, the Jurchens obtained living necessities and raw materials for military weapons, which promoted the Jurchen society's military advances and led to an improvement in the quality of their weapons and the development of a manufacturing industry.…”

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Against this background, Nurhaci (1559‐1626) appeared on the scene in 1583 with his meager inheritance from his father—a small number of suits of armor and horses. Nurhaci had “lost his mother when he was young” (Li, 2002, p. 28). In spite of his humble beginnings, though, he started to conquer the neighboring Jianzhou Jurchen tribes.…”

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As demonstrated by the quotation above, the captives were used as slaves and were forced to labor in Jurchen fields (Li, 2002, p. 21). They were even taken to battlefields and worked as wranglers or g ardeners (Sŏ, 1993: 27).…”

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15^th–17^th Century)

Ru¹

2020

J Historical Sociology

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Prominent studies of the Qing dynasty's military evolution in the field of comparative military history, which is heavily dependent on the binary conception of "West-China," have failed to present the early military heritage of the dynasty. Unlike previous studies, this paper aims to find a new voice for the early Qing military inheritance, as a reflection of past West-China comparative studies that have continued to discriminate between Western and Chinese military merits and demerits and to ignore the early Qing military approach. By presenting the economic and military interconnections between the Manchu (the Jianzhou Jurchens, the Jianzhou confederation, and Nurhaci), Ming, and Chosŏn, this article reveals that early economic and military development through border trade, tributary trade, and predatory behaviors enabled the Manchus to establish the Later Jin and Qing states. Understanding early Manchu military history helps us put forward an important but less studied military heritage of Qing. 1 | INTRODUCTION This paper attempts to unearth an important aspect of the Qing military evolution that is hardly imaginable when seen from the perspective of existing comparative military approaches. To reconceptualize the early Qing military development from the fifteenth century to the early seventeenth century, I explore the economic-military relationships between the early Manchu (the Jianzhou Jurchens, the Jianzhou confederation, and Nurhaci), Ming, and Chosŏn. By drawing attention to early Manchu history and its connection with the Qing empire within Northeast Asia's geopolitical context, I examine how the early Manchu economic and military systems developed. As a means of revealing these connections, I investigate how trade between early Manchu and Ming and Chosŏn contributed to the economic and military development of early Qing. I will investigate how comparative military researchers and New Qing historians have described the late imperial China's military path and what discussions have been conducted over the long term. I hope to present the

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Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Jurchen Military Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15^th–17^th Century)

Ru¹

2020

J Historical Sociology

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“…The people who became the Manchus evolved from an originally stateless, preliterate population of hunters, traders and ginseng farmers (the Jurchen) originating from a homeland lying at the intersection of northern China, Korea and Mongolia (Li, 2002: 10). As they lacked the markers of ‘civilization’ — understood as conformity to a Confucian high culture and its practices of centralized bureaucratic rule — the Ming Dynasty dismissed the Jurchen as ‘barbarians’, consistent with the entrenched civilized–barbarian dichotomy that then ordered the Sinic world.…”

Section: Barbarian Chameleons and The Politics Of Legitimation In Qinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contesting the Confucian peace: Civilization, barbarism and international hierarchy in East Asia

Phillips

2017

European Journal of International Relations

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International Relations scholars have turned to China's tributary system to broaden our understanding of international systems beyond the 'states-under-anarchy' model derived from European history. This scholarship forms the inspiration and foil for this article, which refines International Relations scholars' conceptualizations of how international hierarchy arose and endured in East Asia during the Manchu Qing Dynasty-China's last and most territorially expansive imperial dynasty. I argue that existing conceptions of East Asian hierarchy overstate the importance of mutual identification between the region's Confucian monarchies in sustaining Chinese hegemony. Instead, we can understand Qing China's dominance only once we recognize the Manchus as a 'barbarian' dynasty, which faced unique challenges legitimating its rule domestically and internationally. As 'barbarian' conquerors, Manchus did not secure their rule by simply conforming to pre-existing Sinic cultural norms. Instead, like other contemporary Eurasian empires, they maintained dominance through strategies of heterogeneous contracting. Domestically, they developed customized legitimacy scripts tailored to win the allegiance of the empire's diverse communities. Internationally, meanwhile, the Manchus strategically appropriated existing Confucian norms and practices of tributary diplomacy in ways that mitigated-but did not eliminate-Confucian vassals' resentment of 'barbarian' domination. East Asian hierarchy may have been more peaceful than Westphalian anarchy, but the absence of war masks a more coercive reality where the appearance of Confucian conformity obscured more fractious relations between Qing China and even its ostensibly most loyal vassals.

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Cartographic Accuracy and the Myth of Manchu Origins on the 1719 Overview Maps of the Imperial Territories

Sam-Sin

2018

Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography

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State Building before 1644

Cited by 57 publications

References 193 publications

Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15^th–17^th Century)

Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15^th–17^th Century)

Contesting the Confucian peace: Civilization, barbarism and international hierarchy in East Asia

Cartographic Accuracy and the Myth of Manchu Origins on the 1719 Overview Maps of the Imperial Territories

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State Building before 1644

Cited by 57 publications

References 193 publications

Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15th–17th Century)

Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15th–17th Century)

Contesting the Confucian peace: Civilization, barbarism and international hierarchy in East Asia

Cartographic Accuracy and the Myth of Manchu Origins on the 1719 Overview Maps of the Imperial Territories

Contact Info

Product

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Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15^th–17^th Century)

Forging a Pure Military Identity: The Rise of Jurchen Heritage in Northeast Asia (15^th–17^th Century)