Startle responding in the context of visceral pain

Ceunen, Erik; Zaman, Jonas; Herssens, Natacha; Oudenhove, Lukas Van; Bogaerts, Katleen; Ly, Huynh Giao; Coen, Steven J.; Tack, Jan; Diest, Ilse Van

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.009

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…This interpretation is supported by findings showing that the P300 to the acoustic startle probe is reduced during loaded compared to unloaded breathing (Alius et al, 2015). Other studies have replicated the lack of startle potentiation during loaded breathing and have documented similar findings with other types of aversive interoceptive stimulation (e.g., Alius, Pané-Farré, Ceunen et al, 2013Ceunen et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Obstructed Breathingmentioning

confidence: 64%

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome

Diest

2019

Psychophysiology

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The present article aims to illustrate and review evidence on how associative learning involving interoceptive stimuli (interoceptive conditioning) can lead to changes in physiological, emotional, and perceptual outcomes. We first outline a functional perspective on Pavlovian conditioning and provide a general introduction and historical background on interoceptive conditioning as a special instance of Pavlovian conditioning. Next, biological and learning accounts of panic disorder are discussed, followed by an analysis of which stimuli and responses may be most promising to model learning that is relevant to panic disorder. Finally, studies on interoceptive fear conditioning with respiratory stimuli are reviewed and discussed, and future directions are outlined. K E Y W O R D Sanxiety, conditioning, interoception, psychopathology, respiration, startle blink BOX 1 Six propositions a 1. Unlike the continuum of exteroceptive stimulation, which is the body material of all our conscious experiences, the continuum of interoceptive stimulation leads largely to unconscious reactions. 2. Interoceptive conditioning, whether involving conditioned or unconditioned interoceptive stimuli, is readily obtainable and is by its very nature largely unconscious in character. 3. While interoceptive conditioning is by its nature more limited than is exteroceptive conditioning with respect to total kinds and variety of stimulations, the interoceptive kinds of stimulations are, on the other hand, by their very nature much more recurrent, periodic, and organism bound, making interoceptive conditioning an almost built-in function that is constantly generated and regenerated in the very process of living and acting. 4. Interoceptive conditioning is somewhat slower in formation than is exteroceptive, but, once conditioned, it is more fixed and irreversible (less readily extinguished). 5. When equal but opposing interoceptively produced and exteroceptively produced reactions are juxtaposed, the interoceptive reactions dominate the exteroceptive ones, with the final result that preceding exteroceptive stimuli become conditioned stimuli for succeeding interoceptive reactions, whereas preceding interoceptive reactions become strengthened by exteroceptive reactions succeeding them. 6. The juxtaposition of conditioned interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli of the same conditioned reaction, unlike similar juxtapositions of exteroceptive stimuli of different modalities, produces a certain amount of conflict and decrementation of conditioning. a (Razran, 1961, p. 97)

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Section: Obstructed Breathingmentioning

confidence: 64%

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome

Diest

2019

Psychophysiology

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“…While Craig based his argument on afferent innervation (see The Homeostatic Afferent Pathways and Early CNS Processing of Homeostasis), this review makes the distinction between visceral and somatic based on efferent innervation, and uses another label for afferent based differences. The esophagus too is gaining increased attention in interoception research, as it allows to distinguish between visceroception (if stimulated distally, i.e., the lower part) and somatoception (if stimulated proximally, i.e., the upper part; Aziz et al, 2000 ; Ceunen et al, 2015 ). As for the respiratory system, since early human experience it has been the gateway to altering and gaining control over ANS function and thus control over the viscera ( Sovik, 1999 ).…”

Section: Aspects Of Interoceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Origin of Interoception

2016

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Over the course of a century, the meaning of interoception has changed from the restrictive to the inclusive. In its inclusive sense, it bears relevance to every individual via its link to emotion, decision making, time-perception, health, pain, and various other areas of life. While the label for the perception of the body state changes over time, the need for an overarching concept remains. Many aspects can make any particular interoceptive sensation unique and distinct from any other interoceptive sensation. This can range from the sense of agency, to the physical cause of a sensation, the ontogenetic origin, the efferent innervation, and afferent pathways of the tissue involved amongst others. In its overarching meaning, interoception primarily is a product of the central nervous system, a construct based on an integration of various sources, not per se including afferent information. This paper proposes a definition of interoception as based on subjective experience, and pleas for the use of specific vocabulary in addressing the many aspects that contribute to it.

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“…Our findings suggest that, in situations where the conscious percept deviates from the physical stimulus, the strength of the elicited SCR is better predicted by the conscious percept compared to the physical stimulus. There is a growing number of studies that record psychophysiological responses to more ambiguous conditioned stimuli, including interoceptive stimuli or somatosensory sensations, because of their clinical relevance (Ceunen et al, , ; Madden et al, ; Pappens, De Peuter, Vansteenwegen, Van den Bergh, & Van Diest, ; Pappens, Smets, Vansteenwegen, Van Den Bergh, & Van Diest, ; Pappens, Vandenbossche, Van den Bergh, & Van Diest, ; Pappens et al, , ; Schroijen et al, ; Zaman et al, , ). Our findings suggest that, in situations such as these where the delivery of physically identical stimuli can be challenging, the inclusion of stimulus perception could help to reduce—otherwise unexplainable—variations in SCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of stimulus perception to account for variability in skin conductance responses to interoceptive stimuli

et al. 2019

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Activity of the electrodermal response system is customarily expressed in relation to physical stimulus properties and not to perceived features. In situations where the delivery of physically identical stimuli can be challenging, such as in interoception research, this variability might pose a challenge for contemporary SCR analyses. Therefore, we investigated the extent to which activity in the electrodermal response system triggered by the delivery of interoceptive stimuli is better predicted by perceived intensity rather than physical input. For this purpose, we reanalyzed data from the baseline phase of a previous study (n = 60) in which skin conductance responses (SCRs) to innocuous esophageal stimulations of high and low intensities were recorded in addition to categorizations based on their perceived intensity (high or low). Using both peak scoring and model inversion methods, we found that the inclusion of stimulus perception as a predictor of the magnitude of the SCR increased model fit. These findings suggest that the inclusion of perception is a promising avenue to better model variability in psychophysiological responses to interoceptive stimuli.

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Startle responding in the context of visceral pain

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome

On the Origin of Interoception

The use of stimulus perception to account for variability in skin conductance responses to interoceptive stimuli

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