Stars, stripes and shells in monolayers: simulation of the molecular arrangement in Schlieren structures

Ellipsometry and Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy of Adsorbed Layers of Soluble Surfactants at the Air–Water Interface

“…Briefly, in this method the extinction coefficient k of the monolayer is first determined from the reflectance-absorbance data. Then we use the follow- ing equation for determining surface density, [7] where N is the number of absorbing groups (e.g., CH 2 groups) per molecule. The constant K has the units of m 2 per mole of the absorbing group, and it can be obtained from calibration with films of known surface density.…”

How many phases and phase transitions do exist in Gibbs adsorption layers at the air–water interface?

“…Present understanding of the phase diagram of spread monolayers of simple amphiphile allows two-step first-order phase transitions, which are G-LE and LE-LC, at a temperature above the triple point, and one-step first-order phase transition, which is G-LC, at a temperature below the triple point [1][2][3][4]. The π-t measurements are consistent with this understanding and imply that 2 and 15 • C are below and above the triple point of the monolayers, respectively.…”

“…Besides these general phases, at least seven different LC phases (known as mesophase) have been found to exist in these monolayers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The existence of different phases in Langmuir monolayers has primarily been indicated in the surface pressure (π)-area (A) isotherms.…”

“…The general phase diagram of a water-insoluble amphiphile in spread or Langmuir monolayers consists of four phases, which are gas (G), liquid expanded (LE), liquid condensed (LC) and solid (S) phases [1][2][3][4]. Besides these general phases, at least seven different LC phases (known as mesophase) have been found to exist in these monolayers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Effect of temperature on the surface phase behavior of n-hexadecyl dihydrogen phosphate in adsorption layers at the air–water interface

“…Although a large variety of mesophases have been found to date, most of the spread monolayers of simple amphiphiles consist, at least, of three phases that are gas (G), liquid expanded (LE), and liquid condensed (LC) phases [1,2]. The phase transitions between two of these phases are first-order in nature [1][2][3][4][5]. The general behavior of these transitions is that a G-LC phase transition occurs at a very low surface pressure provided that the temperature is lower than phase transition.…”