Starch Degradation and Distribution of the Starch-Degrading Enzymes in Vicia faba Leaves (Diurnal Oscillation of Amylolytic Activity and Starch Content in Chloroplasts)

Ghiena, Christine; Schulz, Margot; Schnabl, Heide

doi:10.1104/pp.101.1.73

Cited by 28 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…As a result, the higher starch values obtained by the perchloric acid method can be related to the greater acid strength of HClO 4 compared to that of HCl. In this sense, perchloric acid has been considered to be the most efficient solvent for starch extraction from plant tissues (Ghiena et al 1993).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch determination in Chlorella vulgaris—a comparison between acid and enzymatic methods

et al. 2011

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Different methods for estimating starch in Chlorella vulgaris were compared with the view of establishing a procedure suitable for rapid and accurate determination of starch content in this microalgal species. A close agreement was observed between methods that use perchloric acid and enzymatic methods that use α-amylase and amyloglucosidase to hydrolyze the starch of microalgae grown under different nitrogen culture conditions. Starch values obtained by these methods were significantly higher than those estimated by using hydrochloric acid as solubilizing and hydrolyzing agent. The enzymatic method (EM1) proved to be the most rapid and precise method for microalgal starch quantification. Furthermore, the evaluation of resistant starch by enzymatic methods assayed in nitrogen-sufficient and nitrogen-starved cells showed that no formation of this type of starch occurred in microalgae, meaning that this should not interfere with starch content determinations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch determination in Chlorella vulgaris—a comparison between acid and enzymatic methods

et al. 2011

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“…BAMs are known to play an important role in chloroplast starch degradation, but little is known about the properties of these enzymes, in part because there are multiple isozymes but more importantly, because of the masking of their activity by a potentially abundant extrachloroplastic BAM (Caspar et al, 1989;Ghiena et al, 1993). Genetic evidence was used to show that BAM3 is the primary enzyme acting on starch at night, because mutants lacking or with diminished BAM3 have a starch-excess phenotype (Kaplan and Guy, 2005;Fulton et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Amylase1 andβ-Amylase3 Are Plastidic Starch Hydrolases in Arabidopsis That Seem to Be Adapted for Different Thermal, pH, and Stress Conditions

et al. 2014

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Starch degradation in chloroplasts requires b-amylase (BAM) activity, which is encoded by a multigene family. Of nine Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BAM genes, six encode plastidic enzymes, but only four of these are catalytically active. In vegetative plants, BAM1 acts during the day in guard cells, whereas BAM3 is the dominant activity in mesophyll cells at night. Plastidic BAMs have been difficult to assay in leaf extracts, in part because of a cytosolic activity encoded by BAM5. We generated a series of double mutants lacking BAM5 and each of the active plastidic enzymes (BAM1, BAM2, BAM3, and BAM6) and found that most of the plastidic activity in 5-week-old plants was encoded by BAM1 and BAM3. Both of these activities were relatively constant during the day and the night. Analysis of leaf extracts from double mutants and purified BAM1 and BAM3 proteins revealed that these proteins have distinct properties. Using soluble starch as the substrate, BAM1 and BAM3 had optimum activity at pH 6.0 to 6.5, but at high pH, BAM1 was more active than BAM3, consistent with its known daytime role in the guard cell stroma. The optimum temperature for BAM1, which is transcriptionally induced by heat stress, was about 10°C higher than that of BAM3, which is transcriptionally induced by cold stress. The amino acid composition of BAM1 and BAM3 orthologs reflected differences that are consistent with known adaptations of proteins from heat-and coldadapted organisms, suggesting that these day-and night-active enzymes have undergone thermal adaptation.

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“…Β-amylases catalyze the hydrolysis of a-1, 4-glycosidic linkages and release maltose from the exposed nonreducing ends of glucan chains. Α-amylases hydrolyze α-1, 4 linkages within polymers exposed on the surface or in channels within granules, releasing soluble glucans that are the substrate for further degradation [ 60 , 61 ]. In this study, there no significant changes were observed for the expression of transcript-encoding GWD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniconazole-induced starch accumulation in the bioenergy crop duckweed (Landoltia punctata) II: transcriptome alterations of pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormone crosstalk

Liu

Fang

Huang

et al. 2015

Biotechnol Biofuels

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BackgroundLandoltia punctata is a widely distributed duckweed species with great potential to accumulate enormous amounts of starch for bioethanol production. We found that L. punctata can accumulate starch rapidly accompanied by alterations in endogenous hormone levels after uniconazole application, but the relationship between endogenous hormones and starch accumulation is still unclear.ResultsAfter spraying fronds with 800 mg/L uniconazole, L. punctata can accumulate starch quickly, with a dry weight starch content of up to 48% after 240 h of growth compared to 15.7% in the control group. Electron microscopy showed that the starch granule content was elevated after uniconazole application. The activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis were also significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of regulatory elements of the cytokinin (CK), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) signaling pathways that are involved in chlorophyll and starch metabolism also changed correspondingly. Importantly, the expression levels of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis were up-regulated, while transcript-encoding enzymes involved in starch degradation and other carbohydrate metabolic branches were down-regulated.ConclusionThe increase of endogenous ABA and CK levels positively promoted the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and chlorophyll content, while the decrease in endogenous GA levels inactivated α-amylase. Thus, the alterations of endogenous hormone levels resulted in starch accumulation due to regulation of the expression of genes involved in the starch metabolism pathway.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-015-0245-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Starch Degradation and Distribution of the Starch-Degrading Enzymes in Vicia faba Leaves (Diurnal Oscillation of Amylolytic Activity and Starch Content in Chloroplasts)

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

Starch determination in Chlorella vulgaris—a comparison between acid and enzymatic methods

Starch determination in Chlorella vulgaris—a comparison between acid and enzymatic methods

β-Amylase1 andβ-Amylase3 Are Plastidic Starch Hydrolases in Arabidopsis That Seem to Be Adapted for Different Thermal, pH, and Stress Conditions

Uniconazole-induced starch accumulation in the bioenergy crop duckweed (Landoltia punctata) II: transcriptome alterations of pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hormone crosstalk

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