Staphylococcus warneri: brief literature review / Staphylococcus warneri: breve revisão da literatura

Abstract

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus warneri is an opportunistic pathogen that is capable of causing several infections, especially in patients with indwelling medical devices. Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge for the treatment of infections caused by staphylococci. The most important virulence factor of CoNS is the biofilm-producing ability. This brief literature review discusses aspects of the antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of the Staphylococcus warneri. Literature about the Staphylococcus warneri listed in PubMed between 2011 and 2021 was reviewed. Staphylococcus warneri is a part of the normal flora of the skin, especially the nares, head, legs, and arms. The importance of S. warneri as a modern-day pathogen is growing, as it has established itself as a successful nosocomial pathogen. S. warneri isolates from these infections are generally resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. The virulence of S. warneri have been suggested to be multifactorial, including adhesins, enzymes, extracellular toxins, capsule, iron uptake systems, virulence regulators and to adhere to produce biofilm, invade and destroy epithelial cells. The pathogenetic mechanisms of infections their mechanisms of bacterial persistence and evasion of the host’s immune system have not yet been clearly elucidated. Only with deeper studies, which will allow a more comprehensive understanding of its physiological characteristics, will it be possible to design effective strategies against S. warneri.

Pathogenic Species Of Staphylococcus: A Review Article

“…Adhesins, enzymes, extracellular toxins, a capsule, iron uptake systems, virulence regulators, and the capacity to form biofilms, invade, and damage epithelial cells are all believed to contribute to the virulence of S. warneri which is multifactorial. It has not yet been possible to completely eradicate the pathogenetic mechanisms, which include the methods by which these bacteria elude the host's immune system and persist (Karam et al, 2022).…”