Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the aetiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

Hovelius, Birgitta; Thelin, Ingrid; Pa, Mårdh

doi:10.1136/sti.55.5.369

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The cause for this seasonality is not well understood. In the absence of complicating conditions, S. saprophyticus infection rarely causes UTI in males, but has been associated with urethritis and up to 17% of prostatitis [53, 55, 56]. One study of older men presenting with UTI in a veteran’s hospital found that the presence of S. saprophyticus was very rare (3 of 9314 urine samples were S. saprophyticus positive) [57].…”

Section: Urinary Tract Infection Caused By Staphylococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract

2016

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Gram-positive bacteria are a common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly among individuals who are elderly, pregnant, or who have other risk factors for UTI. Here we review the epidemiology, virulence mechanisms, and host response to the most frequently isolated Gram-positive uropathogens: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We also review several emerging, rare, misclassified, and otherwise underreported Gram-positive pathogens of the urinary tract including Aerococcus, Corynebacterium, Actinobaculum, and Gardnerella. The literature strongly suggests that urologic diseases involving Gram-positive bacteria may be easily overlooked due to limited culture-based assays typically utilized for urine in hospital microbiology laboratories. Some UTIs are polymicrobial in nature, often involving one or more Gram-positive bacteria. We herein review the risk factors and recent evidence for mechanisms of bacterial synergy in experimental models of polymicrobial UTI. Recent experimental data has demonstrated that, despite being cleared quickly from the bladder, some Gram-positive bacteria can impact pathogenic outcomes of co-infecting organisms. When taken together, the available evidence argues that Gram-positive bacteria are important uropathogens in their own right, but that some can be easily overlooked because they are missed by routine diagnostic methods. Finally, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that a surprising variety of fastidious Gram-positive bacteria may either reside in or be regularly exposed to the urinary tract and further suggests that their presence is widespread among women, as well as men. Experimental studies in this area are needed; however, there is a growing appreciation that the composition of bacteria found in the bladder could be a potentially important determinant in urologic disease, including susceptibility to UTI.

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Section: Urinary Tract Infection Caused By Staphylococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract

2016

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“…Various microorganisms, including TV, AV, HSV and other bacterial species, are reported as candidate pathogens causing NCNGU. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] However, the pathogenic roles of each microorganism remain controversial. Additionally, only a few comprehensive studies have concurrently detected such microorganisms in men with NGU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male non‐gonococcal urethritis: From microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features

Ito¹,

Hanaoka

Shimuta

et al. 2016

Int J of Urology

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Objectives: To detect microorganisms responsible for male acute urethritis and to define the microbiology of non-gonococcal urethritis. Methods: The present study comprised 424 men with symptoms and signs compatible with acute urethritis. Their urethral swabs and first-voided urine underwent detection of the microorganisms. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of Mycoplasma genitalium-, Ureaplasma urealyticum-, Haemophilus influenza-, adenovirusor Herpes simplex virus-positive monomicrobial non-gonococcal urethritis, or allexamined microorganism-negative urethritis in heterosexual men were compared with urethritis positive only for Chlamydia trachomatis. Results: Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 127 men (30.0%). In 297 men with non-gonococcal urethritis, C. trachomatis was detected in 143 (48.1%). In 154 men with non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis, M. genitalium (22.7%), M. hominis (5.8%), Ureaplasma parvum (9.1%), U. urealyticum (19.5%), H. influenzae (14.3%), Neisseria meningitidis (3.9%), Trichomonas vaginalis (1.3%), human adenovirus (16.2%), and Herpes simplex virus types 1 (7.1%) and 2 (2.6%) were detected. Although some features of monomicrobial non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis or all-examined microorganismnegative urethritis were significantly different from those of monomicrobial chlamydial nongonococcal urethritis, most features were superimposed. Conclusions: Predicting causative microorganisms in men with non-gonococcal urethritis based on demographic and clinical features is difficult. However, the present study provides useful information to better understand the microbiological diversity in non-gonococcal urethritis, and to manage patients with non-gonococcal urethritis appropriately.

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“…No other anaerobes have been implicated in NGU.' [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Since the anterior urethra is colonised by a great variety of anaerobic species, as well as aerobic bacteria, we considered it possible that the role of one of these might have been overlooked. Furthermore, anaerobic infections of the human urinary tract are well documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobes in men with urethritis

Fontaine

Taylor‐Robinson

Hanna

et al. 1982

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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SUMMARY Sixty-four men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), seven with gonococcal urethritis (GU), and 30 who had no symptoms or signs of urethritis were studied. Chlarnydia trachomatis was isolated from urethral specimens taken from 22% of the men with NGU, and 1 8/o with GU, but not from those who did not have urethritis even though 20 (67%) of them had a history of NGU, GU, or both. The chlamydial isolation rate for men having NGU for the first time was 30%7o. Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from 42% of the men with NGU, 43% of men with GU, and 27% of those without urethritis.In addition to aerobes anaerobes were isolated frequently from men whether or not they had urethritis, the most common being anaerobic Corynebacteria, peptococci, and micro-organisms of the Bacteroides-Fusobacteria group. There was no appreciable difference in the overall isolation of anaerobes from men with NGU (89%) or from those without disease (8007o). The rate of isolation of a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus from men with NGU (50%) was, however, strikingly different to that from men with GU (14%) or from those without disease (13%o). Furthermore, this bacillus was recovered from 28 (56Db) of 50 men with NGU who were considered chlamydia-negative and from 19 (61 %) of 31 men who were both chlamydia-negative and ureaplasma-negative. The effect of antibiotic treatment was evaluated in a few patients only, so that although those from whom the Gram-negative bacillus was eliminated by tetracycline recovered clinically there is a need for a prospective therapeutic trial to evaluate further the importance of the bacillus.

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Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the aetiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract

Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract

Male non‐gonococcal urethritis: From microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features

Anaerobes in men with urethritis

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