Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the Etiopathogenesis of Mucosal Autoimmunity within the Gastrointestinal Tract

Principato, MaryAnn; Qian, Bi-Feng

doi:10.3390/toxins6051471

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Thus, SEs are shown to be involved in pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis‐related infections and food poisoning (Balaban & Rasooly, ; Langley, Patel, Jackson, Clow, & Fraser, ; Lappin & Ferguson, ; Lowy, ; Ortega, Abriouel, Lucas, & Gálvez, ). In addition, recent studies suggest a broader role of SEs in other illnesses, including the respiratory tract (Huvenne, Hellings, & Bachert, ; Pastacaldi, Lewis, & Howarth, ) and autoimmune diseases (Li et al, ; Principato & Qian, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcal enterotoxin U promotes proinflammatory activity of macrophage via up‐regulation of allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression

Zhao

Tang

2020

Journal of Food Safety

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a wide array of virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus with potent super‐antigenic activity and they were reported to be associated with sepsis‐related infections, pneumonia, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, and autoimmune diseases. Macrophages play important roles in innate immune responses against bacterial infections. Thus, the present study was conducted to explore the effect of SEU on macrophage activation. Seu gene was cloned from clinical Staphylococcus aureus strain related to food poisoning; then SEU protein was purified by Ni2+ column affinity chromatography. Thereafter, macrophage proliferation was analyzed with a Cell Counting Kit‐8 and inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin 6 (IL6) secretion was assayed with the corresponding ELISA detection kit. Furthermore, western blot was used to assay inflammation‐associated protein allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF‐1) expression, then the expression of AIF‐1 was interfered by RNAi and the effect of SEU on macrophage proliferation and TNF‐α, IL6 secretion was assessed again. The obtained deoxynucleotide sequence of seu gene (GenBank accession No. MH737695) shared 98.5% similarity with previously identified seu from S. aureus 383F (GenBank accession No. AY205307). SEU protein‐enhanced macrophage proliferation and inflammatory cytokine TNFα, IL6 secretion. Furthermore, it upregulated AIF‐1 expression, thereafter the expression of AIF‐1 was interfered by RNAi and the interference abolished the increase of cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine TNFα, IL6 secretion induced by SEU. Current results demonstrated that SEU promoted the proinflammatory activity of macrophage via upregulation of AIF‐1expression.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcal enterotoxin U promotes proinflammatory activity of macrophage via up‐regulation of allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression

Zhao

Tang

2020

Journal of Food Safety

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“…To date, more than 20 SEs or enterotoxin-like proteins (SE l s) have been identified and designated as SEA to typically SE l V [ 1 , 7 ]. Okumura et al [ 8 ] reported also SE l W. Some of them are emetic agents (SEA to SEI, SER, SES, SET) and are a major cause of food poisoning [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of LC-MS/MS MRM to Determine Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEB and SEA) in Milk

Andjelković

Tsilia

Rajković

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important aetiological agents of food intoxications in Europe and can cause gastro-enteritis through the production of various staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in foods. Due to their stability and ease of production and dissemination, some SEs have also been studied as potential agents for bioterrorism. Therefore, specific and accurate analytical tools are required to detect and quantify SEs. Online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS) based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to detect and quantify two types of SE (A and B) spiked in milk and buffer solution. SE extraction and concentration was performed according to the European Screening Method developed by the European Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci. Trypsin digests were screened for the presence of SEs using selected proteotypic heavy-labeled peptides as internal standards. SEA and SEB were successfully detected in milk samples using LC-MS/MS in MRM mode. The selected SE peptides were proteotypic for each toxin, allowing the discrimination of SEA and SEB in a single run. The detection limit of SEA and SEB was approximately 8 and 4 ng/g, respectively.

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“…Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (superantigens) have been considered as one of the most common causative agents of bacterial food-borne disease outbreaks worldwide ( 1 ), and intensive research has been performed on both people’s ( 2 ) and animal’s staphylococcal toxigenic isolates ( 3 ). Consequently, it is well established that SEs are the major cause of food poisoning ( 4 ). In addition all SEs possess superantigenic activity and induce the inflammatory cytokines storm and inflammatory disease ( 5 , 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Detection from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Blood and Synovial Fluid

et al. 2016

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IntroductionDirect detection of microbial super antigens in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be able to guide to the design of cost-effective therapies. The purpose of this study was to assess the existence of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (superantigen A) in the synovial fluid of patients with RA by the PCR and ELISA methods.MethodsThis experimental study was conducted on the synovial fluid of 103 RA patients from Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences’ Rheumatology Clinic in Tehran, Iran in 2011–2014. Bacterial cultures, polymerase chain reaction with specific primer pairs and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were used. The PCR products were subjected to sequence as a confirmatory molecular method results. The data were descriptively analyzed by SPSS Version 19.ResultsThe bacteriological study result indicated that, in four cases (3.8%) of the patients, bacterial strains were isolated. The result of PCR molecular method for staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene showed that, 42 of the patients (40.7%) tested positive for the ent A gene. The results of ELISA were positive for staphylococcal enterotoxin A (superantigen A) in 51 cases (49.51%) of the patients’ synovial fluids. The results indicated that the possibility of detecting superantigen A in the SF of RA patients, but the origin of the enterotoxin A gene remained unknown.ConclusionsThe findings of this study may be able to alter the actual theory on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of RA patients. In addition, the results have shown the probability of an endogenous origin for the involved superantigen A in RA patients’ synovial fluids.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the Etiopathogenesis of Mucosal Autoimmunity within the Gastrointestinal Tract

Cited by 28 publications

References 122 publications

Staphylococcal enterotoxin U promotes proinflammatory activity of macrophage via up‐regulation of allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression

Staphylococcal enterotoxin U promotes proinflammatory activity of macrophage via up‐regulation of allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression

Application of LC-MS/MS MRM to Determine Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEB and SEA) in Milk

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Detection from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Blood and Synovial Fluid

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