Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Causes Proliferation of Sensory C-Fibers and Subsequent Enhancement of Neurogenic Inflammation in Rat Skin

Ohshima, Mihoko; Miyake, Masaaki; Takeda, Masanori; Kamijima, Michihiro; Sakamoto, Tatsuo

doi:10.1093/infdis/jiq128

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The importance of staphylococcus presence was also observed in atopic dogs. 95 , 96 Although both the staphylococcal protein A (SPA) and SEA are responsible for exacerbation of AD, only SEA was able to induce adhesion and increase of inflammatory molecules in human keratinocytes HaCaT and human umbilical venous endothelial cells. 91 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic dermatitis: allergic dermatitis or neuroimmune dermatitis?

Gaspar

Aidé²

2016

An. Bras. Dermatol.

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Advances in knowledge of neurocellulars relations have provided new directions in the understanding and treatment of numerous conditions, including atopic dermatitis. It is known that emotional, physical, chemical or biological stimuli can generate more accentuated responses in atopic patients than in non-atopic individuals; however, the complex network of control covered by these influences, especially by neuropeptides and neurotrophins, and their genetic relations, still keep secrets to be revealed. Itching and airway hyperresponsiveness, the main aspects of atopy, are associated with disruption of the neurosensory network activity. Increased epidermal innervation and production of neurotrophins, neuropeptides, cytokines and proteases, in addition to their relations with the sensory receptors in an epidermis with poor lipid mantle, are the aspects currently covered for understanding atopic dermatitis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic dermatitis: allergic dermatitis or neuroimmune dermatitis?

Gaspar

Aidé²

2016

An. Bras. Dermatol.

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“…Furthermore, changes in the expression of neurotransmitters, receptors, ion channels or other phenotypic markers in normal developmental or pathological conditions can also be studied 3,[5][6][7][8][9][10] . Along with appropriate electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral testing, such changes in peripheral sensory neuron staining patterns can be used to test hypotheses related to various pain states 6,9 , inflammation 11 and neuropathies 5,12 . In conclusion, these techniques provide an invaluable source of in vivo data that complements and reinforces other anatomical, structural and functional data acquired through additional approaches, furthering our understanding of the regulation and acquisition of plasticity in peripheral sensory nerve fibers in health and disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

Shepherd¹,

Mohapatra²

2012

JoVE

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Detection and primary processing of physical, chemical and thermal sensory stimuli by peripheral sensory nerve fibers is key to sensory perception in animals and humans. These peripheral sensory nerve fibers express a plethora of receptors and ion channel proteins which detect and initiate specific sensory stimuli. Methods are available to characterize the electrical properties of peripheral sensory nerve fibers innervating the skin, which can also be utilized to identify the functional expression of specific ion channel proteins in these fibers. However, similar electrophysiological methods are not available (and are also difficult to develop) for the detection of the functional expression of receptors and ion channel proteins in peripheral sensory nerve fibers innervating other visceral organs, including the most challenging tissues such as bone. Moreover, such electrophysiological methods cannot be utilized to determine the expression of non-excitable proteins in peripheral sensory nerve fibers. Therefore, immunostaining of peripheral/visceral tissue samples for sensory nerve fivers provides the best possible way to determine the expression of specific proteins of interest in these nerve fibers. So far, most of the protein expression studies in sensory neurons have utilized immunostaining procedures in sensory ganglia, where the information is limited to the expression of specific proteins in the cell body of specific types or subsets of sensory neurons. Here we report detailed methods/protocols for the preparation of peripheral/visceral tissue samples for immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. We specifically detail methods for the preparation of skin or plantar punch biopsy and bone (femur) sections from mice for immunostaining of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. These methods are not only key to the qualitative determination of protein expression in peripheral sensory neurons, but also provide a quantitative assay method for determining changes in protein expression levels in specific types or subsets of sensory fibers, as well as for determining the morphological and/or anatomical changes in the number and density of sensory fibers during various pathological states. Further, these methods are not confined to the staining of only sensory nerve fibers, but can also be used for staining any types of nerve fibers in the skin, bones and other visceral tissue.

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“…In addition, Staphylococcal enterotoxins enhance neurogenic inflammation in animals. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased innervation of sensory C-fibers and expression of SP receptors in rat skin, probably due to upregulated production of NGF after exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxins [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenic markers of the inflammatory process in atopic dermatitis: relation to the severity and pruritus

Teresiak-Mikołajczak¹,

Czarnecka‐Operacz²,

Jenerowicz³

et al. 2013

pdia

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IntroductionAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease, characterized by eczematous skin lesions and intensive pruritus. Recent studies have shed light on the role of the nervous system in the pathogenesis of AD. It can influence the course of the disease through an altered pattern of cutaneous innervation and abnormal expression of neuropeptides in the lesional skin.AimThe aim of the study was to evaluate plasma concentrations of the nerve growth factor (NGF), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in AD patients in comparison to two control groups (healthy volunteers and patients suffering from psoriasis). Correlations between plasma levels of evaluated parameters, severity of the disease and selected clinical parameters (skin prick tests, total and antigen specific IgE levels) were also analysed.Material and methodsSeventy-five patients with AD, 40 patients with psoriasis and 40 healthy volunteers were included into the study. Patients with AD included 52 persons suffering from an extrinsic and 23 from an intrinsic type of the disease. The severity of skin lesions was assessed with SCORAD index. Pruritus was evaluated on the basis of the questionnaire assessing the extent, frequency and intensity of pruritus. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (SP, NGF: R&D Systems; and VIP: Phoenix Pharmaceuticals) were used to assess the neuropeptide and NGF plasma levels.ResultsNerve growth factor and VIP plasma concentrations were significantly higher in AD patients compared to psoriatic patients and healthy subjects. Substance P plasma concentrations were elevated in the extrinsic type of AD and psoriasis comparing to healthy volunteers. There were no statistically significant differences in NGF, SP and VIP plasma concentrations between the extrinsic and intrinsic type of AD. There was also no correlation between plasma levels of evaluated parameters (NGF, SP, VIP) and SCORAD index in both types of AD. However, plasma SP concentration correlated with intensity of pruritus in AD patients. Plasma VIP concentrations correlated with intensity of pruritus in the intrinsic type of AD and with IgE-mediated sensitization to moulds in the extrinsic type of disease.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that NGF and VIP play a prominent role in atopic inflammatory reactions and may serve as good alternative biomarkers of AD. The results of this study also suggest a similar important role of neuroimmune interactions in both variants of AD. Increased SP plasma concentrations in both AD and psoriasis point to its possible role in modulating immune-mediated inflammation in different chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Moreover, SP and VIP seem to influence the course of AD by increasing pruritus, whereas an elevated plasma VIP level in AD patients may be related to a risk of developing IgE-mediated sensitization to certain airborne allergens.

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Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Causes Proliferation of Sensory C-Fibers and Subsequent Enhancement of Neurogenic Inflammation in Rat Skin

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Atopic dermatitis: allergic dermatitis or neuroimmune dermatitis?

Atopic dermatitis: allergic dermatitis or neuroimmune dermatitis?

Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

Neurogenic markers of the inflammatory process in atopic dermatitis: relation to the severity and pruritus

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