Standing still: Is there a role for the cortex?

Varghese, Jessy Parokaran; Beyer, Kit B.; Williams, Laura; Miyasike-daSilva, Veronica; McIlroy, William E.

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.055

Cited by 54 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The negative potential occurring around 100 ms following an event, such as mechanical perturbations, is termed the N100 potential. The N100 response over the fronto-central area has been observed in a wide range of balance tasks, and N100 amplitude increases in challenging balance control tasks, including unpredictable or surprise perturbations, and in balance challenges with low sensory inputs (Adkin et al, 2006, 2008; Mochizuki et al, 2008; Huang et al, 2014; Varghese et al, 2014, 2015). However, Mochizuki et al (2009a) observed no difference in N100 latency and amplitude in sitting and standing instability conditions, suggesting that there may be more general processes that underlie stability, regardless of sensory, motor, or postural aspects of response.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, subjects stood with eyes closed and feet together or in tandem (i.e., heel-to-toe), which is more challenging, and N100 was evoked prior to the need for a balance reaction. The N100 amplitude increased with increasing postural challenge (Varghese et al, 2015). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and Premotor cortex (PMC) frequently occurred in response to the static balance challenges. Although more common in dynamic balance control studies, seven of the static balance control studies invoking mechanical perturbations used advanced signal processing methodologies such as ICA to reduce movement artifacts (Mochizuki et al, 2009a; Smith et al, 2012, 2014; Marlin et al, 2014; Varghese et al, 2014, 2015; Hülsdünker et al, 2016). …”

Section: General Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroimaging of Human Balance Control: A Systematic Review

Wittenberg

Thompson

Nam

et al. 2017

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

116

106

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This review examined 83 articles using neuroimaging modalities to investigate the neural correlates underlying static and dynamic human balance control, with aims to support future mobile neuroimaging research in the balance control domain. Furthermore, this review analyzed the mobility of the neuroimaging hardware and research paradigms as well as the analytical methodology to identify and remove movement artifact in the acquired brain signal. We found that the majority of static balance control tasks utilized mechanical perturbations to invoke feet-in-place responses (27 out of 38 studies), while cognitive dual-task conditions were commonly used to challenge balance in dynamic balance control tasks (20 out of 32 studies). While frequency analysis and event related potential characteristics supported enhanced brain activation during static balance control, that in dynamic balance control studies was supported by spatial and frequency analysis. Twenty-three of the 50 studies utilizing EEG utilized independent component analysis to remove movement artifacts from the acquired brain signals. Lastly, only eight studies used truly mobile neuroimaging hardware systems. This review provides evidence to support an increase in brain activation in balance control tasks, regardless of mechanical, cognitive, or sensory challenges. Furthermore, the current body of literature demonstrates the use of advanced signal processing methodologies to analyze brain activity during movement. However, the static nature of neuroimaging hardware and conventional balance control paradigms prevent full mobility and limit our knowledge of neural mechanisms underlying balance control.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Neuroimaging of Human Balance Control: A Systematic Review

Wittenberg

Thompson

Nam

et al. 2017

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

116

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Time-frequency characteristics of EEG responses induced by mechanical perturbations can also be analyzed by computing event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) (Mierau et al 2017;Peterson and Ferris 2018;Slobounov et al 2005;Solis-Escalante et al 2019;Varghese et al 2014Varghese et al , 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-lasting event-related beta synchronizations of electroencephalographic activity in response to support-surface perturbations during upright stance

Nakamura

Suzuki

Milosevic

et al. 2020

Preprint

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word count: 299 words Abstract Movement related beta band cortical oscillations, including post-movement beta rebound and desynchronization/synchronization observed during Go/NoGo tasks, have drawn attention in motor control literature, particularly during movements of upper extremities. However, fewer study focused on beta band oscillations during postural control in upright stance. Here, we examined beta rebound and other components of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity during perturbed upright stance to investigate supraspinal contributions to postural stabilization. Particularly, we aimed to clarify the timing and duration of the beta rebound and other components within a non-sustained, but long-lasting, postural recovery process following perturbed stance that occurs much more slowly compared to upper extremities due to a larger time scale of mechanical dynamics. To this end, EEG signals were acquired from nine healthy young adults in response to an impulsive support-surface perturbation, together with the center of pressure (CoP), center of mass (CoM) and electromyogram (EMG) activities of ankle muscles. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) were computed using the perturbation onset as a triggering event. Our results indicate that, after shortlatency (<0.3 s) ERPs, powers in high-beta and alpha bands decreased (event-related desynchronizations: ERDs) in the 0.3-0.6 s and 0.3-1.5 s time-intervals after the perturbation onset, respectively. This was followed by long-lasting theta band decrease (ERD) and high-beta increase (event-related synchronization: ERS), implying beta rebound. Specifically, the beta rebound sustained for approximately three seconds from 1.0 to 4.0 s. EMGs of the ankle muscles and joint torques of the ankle and hip were almost completely relaxed in the first half period of the beta rebound. In the remaining period, the CoP and CoM were in their final approach to the equilibrium with amplitudes comparable to those during quiet stance. Possible mechanisms of beta rebound and long-lasting theta-ERD may be related to underlying intermittent control strategy for upright stance.where we assumed that the foot-link is fixed on the moving support surface with no translational and rotational movement (̈F = , ̈F = 0, ̈f = 0). Moreover, we assumed that ( F − ANK ) = 0.02 m,

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“…Cortical processing is involved in balance control. There is increasing evidence that postural responses to balance perturbations are not mediated only through subcortical circuits but also through the motor cortex (Bolton 2015;Jacobs and Horak 2007;Saradjian et al 2013;Schieppati et al 1995;Varghese et al 2015). The motor cortex might play a role in the modulation of the late components of the postural responses to perturbations (Nardone and Schieppati 2008) and might have a permissive role in the improvement of stance stability observed during balance training (Taube et al 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body sway adaptation to addition but not withdrawal of stabilizing visual information is delayed by a concurrent cognitive task

Honeine

Crisafulli

Schieppati

2017

Journal of Neurophysiology

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The aim of this study was to test the effects of a concurrent cognitive task on the promptness of the sensorimotor integration and reweighting processes following addition and withdrawal of vision. Fourteen subjects stood in tandem while vision was passively added and removed. Subjects performed a cognitive task, consisting of counting backward in steps of three, or were "mentally idle." We estimated the time intervals following addition and withdrawal of vision at which body sway began to change. We also estimated the time constant of the exponential change in body oscillation until the new level of sway was reached, consistent with the current visual state. Under the mentally idle condition, mean latency was 0.67 and 0.46 s and the mean time constant was 1.27 and 0.59 s for vision addition and withdrawal, respectively. Following addition of vision, counting backward delayed the latency by about 300 ms, without affecting the time constant. Following withdrawal, counting backward had no significant effect on either latency or time constant. The extension by counting backward of the time interval to stabilization onset on addition of vision suggests a competition for allocation of cortical resources. Conversely, the absence of cognitive task effect on the rapid onset of destabilization on vision withdrawal, and on the relevant reweighting time course, advocates the intervention of a subcortical process. Diverting attention from a challenging standing task discloses a cortical supervision on the process of sensorimotor integration of new balance-stabilizing information. A subcortical process would instead organize the response to removal of the stabilizing sensory input. This study is the first to test the effect of an arithmetic task on the time course of balance readjustment following visual withdrawal or addition. Performing such a cognitive task increases the time delay following addition of vision but has no effect on withdrawal dynamics. This suggests that sensorimotor integration following addition of a stabilizing signal is performed at a cortical level, whereas the response to its withdrawal is "automatic" and accomplished at a subcortical level.

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Standing still: Is there a role for the cortex?

Cited by 54 publications

References 22 publications

Neuroimaging of Human Balance Control: A Systematic Review

Neuroimaging of Human Balance Control: A Systematic Review

Long-lasting event-related beta synchronizations of electroencephalographic activity in response to support-surface perturbations during upright stance

Body sway adaptation to addition but not withdrawal of stabilizing visual information is delayed by a concurrent cognitive task

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