Standardizing output-based surveillance to control non-regulated cattle diseases: Aspiring for a single general regulatory framework in the European Union

Costa, Lina; Duarte, E.L.; Knific, Tanja; Hodnik, Jaka Jakob; Roon, Annika van; Fourichon, Christine; Koleci, Xhelil; Schaik, G. van; Gunn, George J.; Madouasse, Aurélien; Berezowski, John; Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105130

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…The implementation of disease control programs (CPs) provides benefits for animals, farmers, the industry and the consumers, because CPs increase animal health and welfare and decrease antibiotic use. Control programs reduce direct disease losses (e.g., by decreasing the number of diseased animals and increasing production performance) and indirect disease losses (e.g., consequences of trade constraints) ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Control Programs for Twenty-Four Infectious Cattle Diseases in Italy

et al. 2021

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The cattle industry is a major driving force for the Italian agricultural sector totalling about 5. 6 million heads for dairy and meat production together. It is particularly developed in the northern part of the country, where 70% of the whole Italian cattle population is reared. The cattle industry development in the rest of the country is hampered by the hard orography of the territories and a variety of socioeconomic features leading to the persistence of the traditional rural farming systems. The differences in the farming systems (industrial vs. traditional) also affect the health status of the farms. Whereas, Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) is almost eradicated across the whole country, in Southern Italy where Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis are still present and Bluetongue is endemic due to the presence of the competent vector (Culicoides imicola), less investments are aimed at controlling diseases with economic impact or at improving farm biosecurity. On the other hand, with the eradication of these diseases in most part of the country, the need has emerged for reducing the economic burden of non-regulated endemic disease and control programs (CPs) for specific diseases have been implemented at regional level, based on the needs of each territory (for instance common grazing or trading with neighboring countries). This explains the coexistence of different types of programs in force throughout the country. Nowadays in Italy, among cattle diseases with little or no EU regulations only three are regulated by a national CP: Enzootic Bovine Leukosis, Bluetongue and Paratuberculosis, while Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis and Trichomonosis are nationwide controlled only in breeding bulls. For some of the remaining diseases (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Streptococcus agalactiae) specific CPs have been implemented by the regional Authorities, but for most of them a CP does not exist at all. However, there is a growing awareness among farmers and public health authorities that animal diseases have a major impact not only on the farm profitability but also on animal welfare and on the use of antibiotics in livestock. It is probable that in the near future other CPs will be implemented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Control Programs for Twenty-Four Infectious Cattle Diseases in Italy

et al. 2021

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“…The tool was subsequently reviewed for possibilities to extend it to other cattle diseases. A different group of experts was involved from the SOUND control project in which more than 100 animal health experts from 32 participating European countries are involved ( 1 , 7 ). The data collection tool was further extended to JD and IBR in agreement with the animal health experts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CPs aim to eradicate, control or monitor infectious diseases in the cattle population. Although these diseases are not regulated by the EU, these CPs are beneficial for farmers, the industry, and national economy as they increase animal health and welfare and reduce direct losses (e.g., production loss, morbidity, and mortality) as well as indirect losses (e.g., constraints to trade) ( 1 ). Each country develops CPs to fit their specific situation, e.g., infection status and cattle demographics, and therefore these are very heterogeneous between countries, which is for example the case for BVD ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two projects were started to fill this gap: the STOC free project (Surveillance Tool for Outcome-based Comparison of FREEdom from infection, www.stocfree.eu ) ( 6 ) and the COST action SOUND control (Standardizing OUtput-based surveillance to control Non-regulated Diseases of cattle in the EU, www.sound-control.eu ) ( 1 , 7 ). The STOC free project aims to develop an output-based framework to compare the probability of freedom from infection for herds (or animals) assigned an infection-free status in heterogeneous CPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data collection tool was initially developed for BVD, IBR, and JD. These three diseases were selected because there are many different CPs within Europe ( 1 ) and they differ in terms of disease transmission dynamics, accuracy of diagnostic methods etc. The aim of this paper is to present the key learnings from the process of the development of the online data collection tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Key Learnings During the Development of a Generic Data Collection Tool to Support Assessment of Freedom of Infection in Cattle Herds

et al. 2021

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Various European Member States have implemented control or eradication programmes for endemic infectious diseases in cattle. The design of these programmes varies between countries and therefore comparison of the outputs of different control programmes is complex. Although output-based methods to estimate the confidence of freedom resulting from these programmes are under development, as yet there is no practical modeling framework applicable to a variety of infectious diseases. Therefore, a data collection tool was developed to evaluate data availability and quality and to collect actual input data required for such a modeling framework. The aim of the current paper is to present the key learnings from the process of the development of this data collection tool. The data collection tool was developed by experts from two international projects: STOC free (Surveillance Tool for Outcome-based Comparison of FREEdom from infection, www.stocfree.eu) and SOUND control (Standardizing OUtput-based surveillance to control Non-regulated Diseases of cattle in the EU, www.sound-control.eu). Initially a data collection tool was developed for assessment of freedom of bovine viral diarrhea virus in six Western European countries. This tool was then further generalized to enable inclusion of data for other cattle diseases i.e., infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Johne's disease. Subsequently, the tool was pilot-tested by a Western and Eastern European country, discussed with animal health experts from 32 different European countries and further developed for use throughout Europe. The developed online data collection tool includes a wide range of variables that could reasonably influence confidence of freedom, including those relating to cattle demographics, risk factors for introduction and characteristics of disease control programmes. Our results highlight the fact that data requirements for different cattle diseases can be generalized and easily included in a data collection tool. However, there are large differences in data availability and comparability across European countries, presenting challenges to the development of a standardized data collection tool and modeling framework. These key learnings are important for development of any generic data collection tool for animal disease control purposes. Further, the results can facilitate development of output-based modeling frameworks that aim to calculate confidence of freedom from disease.

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Assessing the reliability of innovative criteria to certify that cattle are non-Persistently Infected (non-PI) with the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)

Beaudeau,

Vermesse,

Maurin

et al. 2023

Veterinary Microbiology

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Standardizing output-based surveillance to control non-regulated cattle diseases: Aspiring for a single general regulatory framework in the European Union

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Overview of Control Programs for Twenty-Four Infectious Cattle Diseases in Italy

Overview of Control Programs for Twenty-Four Infectious Cattle Diseases in Italy

Key Learnings During the Development of a Generic Data Collection Tool to Support Assessment of Freedom of Infection in Cattle Herds

Assessing the reliability of innovative criteria to certify that cattle are non-Persistently Infected (non-PI) with the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)

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