Standardized Procedure for Expressing Odor Intensity

Moskowitz, Howard R.; Dravnieks, Andrew; Cain, William S.; Turk, Amos

doi:10.1093/chemse/1.2.235

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…The size of their exponents also happens to coincide with the slope of the psychophysical relationship above the breaking point. This coincidence may depend on adaptation effects (Cain & Engen, 1969), caused in our case by the homoquality standard stimulus, and in the case of Moskowitz et al (1974) by noise in their equipment or the like. Our experiments, using the same scaling method as that used by Moskowitz et al (1974), have shown that when the equipment allows for a wider stimulus range, the exponent for n-butanol becomes lower (cf.…”

Section: Psychophysical Functions For "2s and N-butanolmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The parameters of the functions differ between methods but not between separate and joint scaling conditions. It is noteworthy that Moskowitz, Dravnieks, Cain, and Turk (1974) reported n-butanol to have an exponent of .66 and an absolute threshold of ca. 2 to 5 ppm, the latter roughly corresponding to the breaking point of the function for n-butanol in Figure 4 (left diagram).…”

Section: Psychophysical Functions For "2s and N-butanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Separate and joint scaling of perceived odor intensity ofn-butanol and hydrogen sulfide

Berglund

Lindvall

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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To determine which combination of scaling method and experimental procedure is optimal for measuring perceived odor intensity, the intensity perception of one odorous substance was scaled both separately and together with a second odorous substance in the same session. The methods used were magnitude estimation with and without a standard reference and cross-modal matching with finger span. The results show that separate and joint scalings of n-butanol and H2S give identical scales, regardless of scaling method. Different results are obtained in magnitude estimations with a homoquality, a heteroquality, and no standard. From these results, one would not expect to find a single true power function independent of method. Cross-modal matching with finger span may be the best choice for odor intensity scaling, since it results in the widest response range, thereby giving the best resolution.

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Section: Psychophysical Functions For "2s and N-butanolmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Psychophysical Functions For "2s and N-butanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separate and joint scaling of perceived odor intensity ofn-butanol and hydrogen sulfide

Berglund

Lindvall

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…how many smells, and smell quantity, i.e. what concentrations of smells, do not strictly represent a multimedia problem and have also been addressed in previous research work [1,5,39,54,78]. Therefore, the other two of these challenges highlighted in the chart, i.e.…”

Section: Olfaction In Multimedia Entertainment Systemsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Olfaction-enhanced multimedia: perspectives and challenges

Ghinea

Ademoye

2010

Multimed Tools Appl

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Olfaction-Enhanced MultimediaOlfaction, or smell, is one of the last challenges which multimedia applications have to conquer. As far as computerised smell is concerned, there are several difficulties to overcome, particularly those associated with the ambient nature of smell which causes interference and distortion of olfactory data when used. Nevertheless, there is a growing awareness of potential uses and benefits of olfaction in computing, and particularly in multimedia applications. To this end, we coin the term "Olfaction-enhanced multimedia applications", which we define as combining computer generated smell with other media to enrich the users' experience and perception of a multimedia presentation or application. 2In this paper, we seek to review current developments in the area of olfactory enhanced multimedia applications with a view of highlighting current research gaps, particularly those associated with user perception and experience of olfaction-enhanced multimedia applications. Accordingly, this paper starts by introducing olfaction, the human sense of smell and the psychophysics of it, which is then followed by taking a look at computerised smell and the issues surrounding its usage. Then, we review the literature relating to olfactory enhanced multimedia applications and highlight current research gaps and finally present a summary of research we have carried out in this area.

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“…Its simplicity arises from the fact that it uses saturated vapor as the source of undiluted stimulus and employs a series of capillaries of various widths and lengths to achieve 7 fixed increasing dilutions of the odorant, all presented at a final flow rate of 160 ml/min. One of the suggested applications of this device was to use it with 1-butanol in order to allow to express the odor intensity of any source in terms of an odor equivalent concentration of 1-butanol (in ppm by volume) [72]. The technique became an ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) recommended procedure [73].…”

Section: A) Static Olfactometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Sensing in Humans and Machines

Cometto‐Muñiz

2002

Handbook of Machine Olfaction

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Chemosensory detection of airborne chemicals by humans is accomplished principally through olfaction and mucosal chemesthesis. Odors are perceived via stimulation of the olfactory nerve (CN I) whereas nasal chemesthetic sensations (i.e., prickling, irritation, stinging, burning, freshness, piquancy, etc), grouped under the term nasal pungency, are mediated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V). Airborne compounds elicit odor sensations at concentrations orders of magnitude below those producing pungency but the physicochemical basis for odor and 3 pungency potency of chemicals, either singly or in mixtures, is far from being understood. The sensitivity of the sense of smell often outperforms that of the most sophisticated chemicoanalytical methods like gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Still, the combined used of these techniques with human odor detection (i.e., olfactometry) has proved an invaluable tool to understand the chemosensory properties of complex mixtures such as foods, flavors, and fragrances. 1) Human chemosensory perception of airborne chemicalsHumans detect the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their surroundings principally through their senses of olfaction and "chemesthesis" [1,2]. The latter is also known as the "common chemical sense" [3,4]. Activation of the olfactory nerve (CN I) produces odor sensations. Chapter 3 describes the biological basis of this chemosensory pathway. Activation of chemoreceptors on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervating the face mucosae produces chemesthetic responses (see, for example, [5]). These responses evoked in the nose include stinging, piquancy, burning, freshness, tingling, irritation, prickling, and the like. All these nasal sensations can be grouped under the term nasal pungency [6]. Chemesthetic responses to airborne VOCs can also be produced in the ocular, oral, and upper airway mucosae, where they are referred to as eye, mouth, and throat irritation. In the case of the back of the mouth and the throat, other nerves, such as the glossopharyngeal (CN VIII) and vagus (CN X), are also stimulated by airborne VOCs and contribute to perceived irritation.In this chapter we will focus on human smell and nasal chemesthesis. We will review psychophysical studies performed on both sensory modalities addressing the possible basis for the odor and irritation potency of VOCs. We will also summarize various techniques that combine the power of the human nose with that of chemical-analytical instruments, such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, to quantify the chemosensory activity of volatile chemicals and to help understand better the characteristics of human chemosensory perception. 2) Nasal Chemosensory DetectionOdor thresholds represent an important biological characteristic of airborne chemicals.Nevertheless, compilation of such values [7][8][9] show an extreme variability for any particular substance, even after attempting to standardize the values reported in different sources [10]. This scatter severely limits the practical applicatio...

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Standardized Procedure for Expressing Odor Intensity

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Separate and joint scaling of perceived odor intensity ofn-butanol and hydrogen sulfide

Separate and joint scaling of perceived odor intensity ofn-butanol and hydrogen sulfide

Olfaction-enhanced multimedia: perspectives and challenges

Chemical Sensing in Humans and Machines

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