“Standardization” of field emission measurements

Zhirnov, V.V.; Lizzul-Rinne, C.; Wojak, G. J.; Sanwald, R. C.; Hren, J. J.

doi:10.1116/1.1342006

Cited by 58 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…5) [18,19]. The turn-on electric field, defined as the applied electric field at the emission current density of 10 lA/m 2 , was used to characterize the nano-structures [20].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nano-structures containing nitrogen and hydrogen prepared by ion beam assisted deposition

Paredez

Marchi

Costa

et al. 2006

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…5) [18,19]. The turn-on electric field, defined as the applied electric field at the emission current density of 10 lA/m 2 , was used to characterize the nano-structures [20].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nano-structures containing nitrogen and hydrogen prepared by ion beam assisted deposition

Paredez

Marchi

Costa

et al. 2006

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…[23] A plot of ln(J/E 2 ) versus 1/E yields a straight line with a slope of about ±134 at high applied fields (Fig. 4a, inset), demonstrating the field emission phenomenon.…”

Section: ±1mentioning

confidence: 91%

Organic Semiconductor Nanowires for Field Emission

et al. 2003

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Our controlled growth of Ni/ZnO nanorod heterostructures by MOVPE opens up significant opportunities for the fabrication of spintronic device structures on a single nanorod. The simple yet accurate thickness control allows tunable magnetic properties in nanosized magnetic layers on individual nanorods due to a crossover from superparamagnetism to ferromagnetism. These magnetic building blocks may be used as components for nanoscale spin-valve transistors, spin lightemitting diodes, and nonvolatile storage and logic devices. More generally, we believe that the simple ªbottom±upº heterostructural approach might readily be expanded to create many other magnetic-semiconductor nanorod heterostructures. ExperimentalFor the fabrication of magnetic-metal/ZnO nanorod heterostructures, ZnO nanorods were prepared on Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrates using a low-pressure MOVPE system [11]. No metal impurity catalyst was deposited on the substrates. For ZnO nanorod growth, diethylzinc, and oxygen were employed as reactants with argon as the carrier gas. For magnetic metal evaporation on the ZnO nanorods, Ni was evaporated on vertically aligned ZnO nanorods at room temperature using an electron-gun evaporation system with a base pressure 7±8 10 ±8 torr [12]. During metal evaporation, metal flux was incident on the top surfaces of the ZnO nanorods. The deposition rate was monitored using a thickness monitor and controlled to be 0.2 s ±1 . Metal layer thickness was in the range of 50±400 , as determined by TEM [12].The crystal orientation of nanorod heterostructures was characterized using SR-XRD. The SR-XRD measurements of Ni/ZnO nanorod heterostructures were performed using a four-circle diffractometer of the 3C2 synchrotron X-ray diffraction beam line at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory [17]. The beam size at the focal point was typically less than 1 mm 2 and a fixed-exit double-crystal monochromator was used. The diffracted beam intensity was measured using a scintillation detector. High X-ray flux yielded a significant signal-to-noise ratio to measure very thin Ni layers on the nanorods. The crystal orientation of Ni layers was confirmed using TEM. Details in the SEM and TEM measurements have been reported elsewhere [11,12].The topography and magnetic images of Ni/ZnO nanorods were measured using a MFM that was modified from a commercial AFM. The MFM was operated in amplitude detection mode. MFM tips are AFM cantilevers coated with 30 nm of cobalt and have a resonance frequency of 18 kHz. Before measuring the magnetic properties of samples, they were saturated in a fixed direction along their easy axis under the applied magnetic field of 3000 Oe, after which an MFM image was taken to determine its magnetization. The AFM and MFM images were measured simultaneously on the same region.Further magnetic properties of Ni/ZnO nanorod heterostructures were measured using both SQUID and a high-sensitivity AGM at room temperature in a field of up to 60 kOe. For the data presented here, the diamagnetic background from Al 2 O 3 (0001) substr...

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“…10, the work function and emission area derived from the field emission characteristics employing the Fowler-Nordheim formalism may significantly differ from their actual values. We believe the terms ''apparent'' or ''effective'' ͑work function or area͒ are best employed to emphasize this distinction.…”

Section: ͑Received 4 November 2002; Accepted 5 March 2003͒mentioning

confidence: 95%

Electron emission from diamond nanoparticles on metal tips

Tyler

Zhirnov

Kvit

et al. 2003

Applied Physics Letters

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Single-crystalline diamond nanoparticles (∼5 nm in scale) have been deposited onto molybdenum needles (with radii <100 nm), and their effects on field emission behavior were measured. Combined transmission electron microscopy observations, field emission measurements, and diamond depositions allowed for direct comparison of the effects of various amounts of nanodiamond coating on the field emission properties of a coated metal field emitter. In the limit, field emission from a single isolated diamond nanoparticle is compared here with that from an uncoated metal emitter and from a coating comprised of several layers of nanoparticles.

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“Standardization” of field emission measurements

Cited by 58 publications

References 11 publications

Carbon nano-structures containing nitrogen and hydrogen prepared by ion beam assisted deposition

Carbon nano-structures containing nitrogen and hydrogen prepared by ion beam assisted deposition

Organic Semiconductor Nanowires for Field Emission

Electron emission from diamond nanoparticles on metal tips

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