Standardization of an Inactivated H7N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine and Efficacy Against A/Chicken/Italy/13474/99 High-Pathogenicity Virus Infection

Trani, Livia Di; Cordioli, Paolo; Falcone, E.; Lombardi, Giovanna; Moreno, Ana; Sala, Giuliana; Tollis, Maria

doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1042

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Considering the variation in antibody titres after vaccination and the kinetics of the antibody response, it will be very difficult to maintain such high titres in the majority of the birds for a long period of time. Di Trani et al (2003) showed that a mean HI antibody titre of 2 8 is only present for a few weeks after one vaccination and for 8 to 18 weeks after two vaccinations, depending on the vaccine antigen content. Tian et al (2005) showed that a mean serum antibody titre of 2 8 is present between week 3 and week 13 after a single vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal immunity against avian influenza H5N1 in chickens: limited protection and interference with vaccine efficacy

et al. 2011

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After avian influenza (AI) vaccination, hens will produce progeny chickens with maternally derived AI-specific antibodies. In the present study we examined the effect of maternal immunity in young chickens on the protection against highly pathogenic AI H5N1 virus infection and on the effectiveness of AI vaccination. The mean haemagglutination inhibition antibody titre in sera of 14-day-old progeny chickens was approximately eight-fold lower than the mean titre in sera of vaccinated hens. After H5N1 infection at the age of 14 days, chickens with maternal antibody titres lived a few days longer than control chickens. However, only a low proportion of chickens with maternal immunity survived challenge with H5N1. In most progeny chickens with maternal immunity, high virus titres (>10(4) median embryo infective dose) were present in the trachea during the first 4 days after H5N1 infection. In the cloaca, only low virus titres were present in most chickens. In 14-day-old progeny chickens with maternal immunity, the induction of antibody titres by vaccination was severely inhibited, with only a few chickens showing responses similar to the control chickens. It is concluded that high maternal antibody titres are required for clinical protection and reduction of virus titres after infection of chickens, whereas low antibody titres already interfere with vaccine efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal immunity against avian influenza H5N1 in chickens: limited protection and interference with vaccine efficacy

et al. 2011

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“…An in vitro assay to check the conservation of viral domains that are important for the induction of a protective immunity is preferred to avoid time consuming vaccination studies and to allow precise fine tuning of inactivation methods. For influenza virus and HIV for example, the major neutralizing epitopes are known and an in vitro assay to analyze the conservation of these domains after inactivation can be performed by measuring haemagglutination for influenza virus [19] or by ELISA for HIV [25]. However, for PRRSV there is currently no in vitro assay to evaluate this due to a limited knowledge on the PRRSV neutralizing epitopes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For other viruses, the quality has been examined. For example, the effect of inactivation of influenza virus is investigated by measuring the hemagglutinating activity before and after inactivation [19]. For HIV, the attachment of neutralizing antibodies to viral epitopes is determined after inactivation by an enzymelinked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) [25,50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the functionality of viral entry-associated domains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during inactivation procedures, a potential tool to optimize inactivated vaccines

2009

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-Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Currently, vaccines based on inactivated PRRSV provide limited protection of pigs against infection, most likely because viral epitopes associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies are not or poorly conserved during inactivation. To analyze the effect of inactivation procedures on the interaction of PRRSV with receptors involved in virus entry, a new assay was set up in this study. Viral entry-associated domains are most likely important for the induction of neutralizing antibodies, since neutralizing antibodies block interaction of PRRSV with cellular receptors. To investigate the interaction of PRRSV with the cellular receptors upon different inactivation procedures, attachment to and internalization of inactivated PRRSV into macrophages were monitored. AT-2 could not inactivate PRRSV completely and is therefore not useful for vaccine development. PRRSV inactivated with ultraviolet light, binary ethyleneimine and gamma irradiation, which all mainly have an effect at the genomic level, showed no difference compared to control live virus at all levels of virus entry, whereas PRRSV treated with formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and pH changes, which all have a modifying effect on proteins, was not able to internalize into macrophages anymore. These results suggest that inactivation with methods with a main effect on the viral genome preserve PRRSV entry-associated domains and are useful for future development of an effective inactivated vaccine against PRRSV. Although PRRSV incubation at 37°C can completely inactivate PRRSV with preservation of entry-associated domains, this method is not recommended for vaccine development, since the mechanism is yet unknown.PRRSV / inactivation / vaccine / entry-associated domain / sialoadhesin

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“…For influenza, the effect of inactivation is investigated by measuring the hemagglutinating activity before and after inactivation [98]. ELISA may be used for the determination of the attachment of neutralizing antibodies to viral epitopes after inactivation.…”

Section: Expert Commentarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges

Delrue

Verzele

Madder

et al. 2012

Expert Review of Vaccines

156

150

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The aim of this review is to make researchers aware of the benefits of an efficient quality control system for prediction of a developed vaccine's efficacy. Two major goals should be addressed when inactivating a virus for vaccine purposes: first, the infectious virus should be inactivated completely in order to be safe, and second, the viral epitopes important for the induction of protective immunity should be conserved after inactivation in order to have an antigen of high quality. Therefore, some problems associated with the virus inactivation process, such as virus aggregate formation, protein crosslinking, protein denaturation and degradation should be addressed before testing an inactivated vaccine in vivo

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Standardization of an Inactivated H7N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine and Efficacy Against A/Chicken/Italy/13474/99 High-Pathogenicity Virus Infection

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Maternal immunity against avian influenza H5N1 in chickens: limited protection and interference with vaccine efficacy

Maternal immunity against avian influenza H5N1 in chickens: limited protection and interference with vaccine efficacy

Assessing the functionality of viral entry-associated domains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during inactivation procedures, a potential tool to optimize inactivated vaccines

Inactivated virus vaccines from chemistry to prophylaxis: merits, risks and challenges

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