“…Drugs and other treatments that increase concentrations of epinephrine or glucocorticoids during, or following, learning enhance memory in rats and mice (Gold and van Buskirk, 1978; Introini-Collison et al, 1992; Jurado-Berbel et al, 2010; King and Williams, 2009; Liang et al, 1995; Roozendaal et al, 2006; Williams and McGaugh, 1993; Williams et al, 2000; Williams et al, 1998) as well as human subjects (Cahill and Alkire, 2003; Kuhlmann and Wolf, 2006; Moor et al, 2005; Zoladz et al, 2011). These peripherally acting hormones must, of course, interact with the central nervous system to modulate memory formation.…”