Standard models for Smart Grid simulations

Simplified distribution grid model for power quality studies in the presence of photovoltaic generators

“…On one hand, simplified/universal power grid models can decrease the simulation time or/and scale down the computational power required for understanding complex systems. On the other hand, such models can be adopted and used by a wider group of engineers [2]. When medium/high-voltage networks are quite large, parts of the network are replaced with Norton equivalent models obtained via coherency-based techniques by grouping parts of the network behaving similarly [16][17][18].…”

“…Moreover, it can be assumed that the voltage in the medium-voltage network remains constant because of the operation of on-load tap changer transformer. In addition, the capacitance of medium-voltage lines is low and can be neglected [2], leaving only a small series RL impedance to be modelled which is included in the estimated TEI. Owing to the above, the distribution transformer and the medium-voltage network can be replaced by a TEC.…”

“…In more detail, the TEC calculation concept derives from (2). By applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on the TEC, a fundamental equation is obtained as follows…”

“…Distributed energy production sets new requirements for utilities and power producers and creates a new market realm that will inevitably change the structure of the current distribution grid and move towards smarter management of produced electrical energy [1]. In particular, the need for exploring the impact of high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) is very important and appropriate modelling of PV systems is required [2] to reveal all the possible unwanted consequences of large deployment as emphasised in the recent International Energy Agency report [3].…”