Standard Methods For The Examination of Water and Sewage

Norton, John F.; Jordan, Harry E.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1939.tb12942.x

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The water temperature was monitored daily in all tests. Other water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness) were measured using standard methods 33 in composite samples from control, medium, and high concentrations at the beginning and end of acute tests and in control, medium, and high concentrations once per week in chronic tests.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorooctanesulfonate Adversely Affects a Mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations

Soucek

Dorman

Pulster

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Of the emerging contaminant types thought to threaten freshwater biota, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances appear to be particularly widespread, and limited studies conducted with these compounds thus far indicate insects may be particularly sensitive to them. This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of two commonly detected compounds on the laboratory-reared mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer in water only exposures. In acute tests, the mayfly was approximately 85-fold more sensitive to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and 7-fold more sensitive to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) than the next most sensitive species reported in the literature. In 14 day and full-life chronic PFOS toxicity tests, the lowest 10% effect concentration was 0.272 μg of PFOS/L, which is lower than any previous reports to the best of our knowledge, but consistent in demonstrating the sensitivity of insects to this compound. Conversely, N. triangulifer was not particularly chronically sensitive to PFOA. This study demonstrates the risks of environmentally relevant concentrations of PFOS to a freshwater insect and suggests that investigation of the toxicity of more compounds with different carbon-chain lengths and functional groups to freshwater insects is needed.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorooctanesulfonate Adversely Affects a Mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations

Soucek

Dorman

Pulster

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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“…In general, the BOD of household and industrial wastewater was recorded between 700 and 1,500 ppm. On treatment of wastewaters, a BOD range below 300 ppm was considered acceptable for its discharge in to sewer systems [30].…”

Section: Analysis Of Recyclable Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of solids and biodegraded metabolites in the raw and processed slurry of the two-phase Nisargruna biogas plant

Nayak¹,

Kale²

2021

J App Biol Biotech

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The use of the Nisargruna biogas plant is an efficient approach for solid waste management (SWM) with the simultaneous production of digestate and bioenergy. Monitoring of total solids and biodegraded metabolites of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats at different stages of digestion can provide comprehensive information about the efficiency of biogas plants. The current study was carried out to characterize the generation of solids and degraded biomolecules in the raw, predigested, and digestate (completely digested) slurry during the different stages of the two-phase Nisargruna biogas plant. It was conducted based on standard gravimetric techniques and biochemical assays. Our results indicated a significant reduction in total solids (40%-45%), carbohydrates (60%-65%), proteins (40%-45%), lipids (15%-20%), sugars, and free amino acids (65%-70%) in the predigested slurry, as compared to the raw slurry. In addition, only formic acid (2-2.5μl/ml) was detected in the raw slurry, whereas a significant amount of acetic acid (25-30 μl/ml) and small quantity of butyric acid (1 μl/ml) was detected in the predigested slurry. Furthermore, the digestate slurry showed the absence of volatile fatty acids indicating that they were efficiently utilized for methane formation in the main digester. The specific gravity and oxygen consumption rate in the predigester was estimated to be 1.0190 and 11.22 mg/l/minute, respectively. Lastly, the recyclable water obtained after dewatering the digestate slurry showed the absence of coliforms and a biological oxygen demand of 100 ppm, suggesting its suitability for disposal in the sewerage system. Based on the above chemical analysis of raw and processed slurry, the Nisargruna biogas plant thus proves to be highly efficient for SWM.

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“…The goal of plasma-driven advanced oxidation, and AOPs in general, is to chemically remove contaminants from waters. The five most prominent methods for assessing contaminant removal are liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS), spectrophotometry, total organic carbon (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) [21][22][23][24]. Spectrophotometry and LC-MS allow for the determination of specific species concentrations, whereas TOC, BOD, and COD are non-specific water quality parameters that provide a measurement of the overall pollution potential of a water sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Peroxide Interference in Chemical Oxygen Demand Assessments of Plasma Treated Waters

Groele

Foster

2019

Plasma

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Plasma-driven advanced oxidation represents a potential technology to safely re-use waters polluted with recalcitrant contaminants by mineralizing organics via reactions with hydroxyl radicals, thus relieving freshwater stress. The process results in some residual hydrogen peroxide, which can interfere with the standard method for assessing contaminant removal. In this work, methylene blue is used as a model contaminant to present a case in which this interference can impact the measured chemical oxygen demand of samples. Next, the magnitude of this interference is investigated by dosing de-ionized water with hydrogen peroxide via dielectric barrier discharge plasma jet and by solution. The chemical oxygen demand increases with increasing concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide. The interference factor should be considered when assessing the effectiveness of plasma to treat various wastewaters.

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Standard Methods For The Examination of Water and Sewage

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Perfluorooctanesulfonate Adversely Affects a Mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations

Perfluorooctanesulfonate Adversely Affects a Mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations

Estimation of solids and biodegraded metabolites in the raw and processed slurry of the two-phase Nisargruna biogas plant

Hydrogen Peroxide Interference in Chemical Oxygen Demand Assessments of Plasma Treated Waters

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