Standard Identification Certificate for Legal Legislation of a Unique Gene Pool of Thai Domestic Elephants Originating from a Male Elephant Contribution to Breeding

Abstract

Illegal wildlife trade is a major threat to global biodiversity. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are highly valued by various cultures as religious symbols and tourist attractions, which has led to a high demand for captive elephants. Owing to the unviability of captive breeding programs, several captive elephant populations are maintained by illegally obtaining wild Asian elephants. Morbidity and mortality rates among captive populations are high, whereas reproduction is low. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity among elephants using microsatellite genotyping and mitochondrial D-loop sequences of three captive elephant populations. The study results showed very low nucleotide diversity D-loop sequences and high variations in microsatellite genotyping, with an extensive variation of the gene pool estimates from different populations. This suggests that the optimal male selection during breeding could aid in maintaining the genetic diversity among captive populations. Forward genetic simulation revealed a decreasing genetic diversity in the fixed state within 50 generations. However, largely different gene pools can be effectively used to infer original elephant sources; this would facilitate the development of an identification certificate integration with machine learning and image processing to prevent illegal legislation owing to registration fraud between wild and domestic elephants. Implementing the proposed approaches and recommendations would aid in the mitigation of the illegal capture and domestic trade of wild elephants in Thailand and contribute to the success of future conservation plans in the blueprint of sustainable development goals.

Environmental and Socio–Cultural Factors Impacting the Unique Gene Pool Pattern of Mae Hong-Son Chicken

“…Mt D-loop sequences from this study were submitted to the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ( , accessed on 10 October 2022) (accession number: LC731861–LC731880 and LC731886–LC731915) ( Table S1 ). Genetic diversity and population structure analyses based on mt D-loop sequences were conducted, as described in previous studies [ 15 , 16 , 37 , 38 ] ( Supplementary Data S1 ).…”

“…Microsatellite genotyping data have been deposited in the Dryad Digital Repository Dataset (https://datadryad.org/stash/ share/x2qlPmboMgCROXO8kQjFc5wF6INadoYmciW1y3WRJ88, accessed on 17 October 2022). Genetic diversity and population structure analyses based on microsatellite data of the Mae Hong Son chicken populations were conducted, as described in previous studies [15,16,37,38] (Supplementary Data S1).…”

Genetic features of Sri Lankan elephant, Elephas maximus maximus Linnaeus revealed by high throughput sequencing of mitogenome and ddRAD-seq

“…The estimation of mitochondrial displacement loop (mt D-loop) sequence variation is currently the most common genetic approach for speciation and population genetics [ 5 , 15 ]. It is recorded to have existence of two divergent lineages of mt D-loop haplotypes in Asian elephants [ 13 ], as α and β clades, with approximately 3% sequence divergence, and they co-exist across the Asian continent [ 9 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ]. The α haplogroup is abundant on the Asian mainland, with only a few inhabitants in Sri Lanka, while the β haplogroup is extensively dispersed in Sumatra and Sri Lanka [ 5 , 14 , 16 ].…”