Stakeholder contributions to assessment, monitoring, and conservation of threatened species: black skimmer and red knot as case studies

Abstract

Stakeholder contributions to conservation projects often occur during the problem formulation stage, yet the role of stakeholders throughout the process is seldom considered. We examine the diversity of state and federal agencies, conservation organizations, other non-governmental organizations, environmental justice communities, consultants, industry, and the general public in the conservation of red knot (Calidris canutus rufa) and black skimmer (Rynchops niger) in New Jersey. We suggest that (1) governmental agencies provide the legal, regulatory, and management framework, but it is often the universities, conservation organizations, consultants, and the public that conduct the research and perform activities that lead to increased research and conservation efforts; (2) departments within agencies may have conflicting mandates, making it difficult to resolve differences in actions; (3) there is often conflict among and within state agencies and conservation organizations about roles and priorities; and (4) the role of the public is critical to ongoing research and conservation efforts. Identification of all the relevant stakeholders is necessary to recognizing competing claims, identifying the threats, deciding how to manage the threats, and enhancing population viability. Conflicts occur even within an agency when one department oversees science and protection of populations and another oversees and fosters an industry (aquaculture or fisheries, or permits for off-road vehicles). Conflicts also occur between resource agencies, industry, and conservation organizations. Recognizing the different stakeholders and their mandates, and encouraging participation in the process, leads to a better understanding of the threats, risks, and possible solutions when conflicts arise. Tracking stakeholder viewpoints and actions can lead to increased involvement and conflict resolution.

The role of project management in threatened species recovery

“…There is a growing understanding amongst conservationists that this is essential to recovery success. This is evident in publications, stating that effective project management, stakeholder management, policy influence and leadership are important aspects for the success of recovery projects (Barlow et al , 2016; Clark et al , 2002; Young et al , 2013; Black et al , 2011; Holmes et al , 2016; Crees et al , 2016; Burger et al , 2017). Margoluis et al (2009) note that project management principles can be used for planning and evaluation of conservation projects.…”

“…Stakeholder management, such as stakeholder identification, understanding stakeholder relationships to a project, and active stakeholder engagement and or management (PMI, 2013), is deemed vital for conservation projects and recovery programs (Barlow et al , 2016; Holmes et al , 2016; Barmuta et al , 2011; Black et al , 2011; St. John et al , 2014; Pooley et al , 2014; Gregory et al , 2012; Crees et al , 2016; Burger et al , 2017; Knight et al , 2006; Reed, 2008). Projects without appropriate stakeholder management plan are likely to fail.…”

Adaptation Strategy of the Bajo Fishermen towards Climate Change

“…The adaptation effort taken is a desalination, which is processing the sea water into water that can meet the clean water needs of coastal communities. The role of local government should be more prominent as the institution that issued the policy also the stakeholders that involved in management, conservation, regulation and research (Burger et al, 2017).…”