Abstract:The stained colors of the tissue components are popularly used as features for image analysis. However, variations in the staining condition of the histology slides prompt variations to the color distribution of the stained tissue samples which could impact the accuracy of the analysis. In this paper, we present a method to correct the staining condition of a histology image. In the method, a look-up table (LUT) based on the dye amounts absorbed by the sample is built. The LUT can be built when either (i) the … Show more
“…In order to account for scanner-induced variations, Bautista et al (2014) proposed to use a colour-calibration slide made in-house to derive a colour correction matrix. Bautista and Yagi (2015) showed that it is possible to achieve consistent and accurate segmentations with simple classifiers by accounting for the staining conditions of the slides using dye amount tables.…”
Section: Preprocessing Of Digital Pathologymentioning
Histology permits the observation of otherwise invisible structures of the internal topography of a specimen. Although it enables the investigation of tissues at a cellular level, it is invasive and breaks topology due to cutting. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was thus introduced to overcome the limitations of single-section studies in a dimensional scope. 3D reconstruction finds its roots in embryology, where it enabled the visualisation of spatial relationships of developing systems and organs, and extended to biomedicine, where the observation of individual, stained sections provided only partial understanding of normal and abnormal tissues. However, despite bringing visual awareness, recovering realistic reconstructions is elusive without prior knowledge about the tissue shape. 3D medical imaging made such structural ground truths available. In addition, combining non-invasive imaging with histology unveiled invaluable opportunities to relate macroscopic information to the underlying microscopic properties of tissues through the establishment of spatial correspondences; image registration is one technique that permits the automation of such a process and we describe reconstruction methods that rely on it. It is thereby possible to recover the original topology of histology and lost relationships, gain insight into what affects the signals used to construct medical images (and characterise them), or build high resolution anatomical atlases. This paper reviews almost three decades of methods for 3D histology reconstruction from serial sections, used in the study of many different types of tissue. We first summarise the process that produces digitised sections from a tissue specimen in order to understand the peculiarity of the data, the associated artefacts and some possible ways to minimise them. We then describe methods for 3D histology reconstruction with and without the help of 3D medical imaging, along with methods of validation and some applications. We finally attempt to identify the trends and challenges that the field is facing, many of which are derived from the cross-disciplinary nature of the problem as it involves the collaboration between physicists, histolopathologists, computer scientists and physicians.
“…In order to account for scanner-induced variations, Bautista et al (2014) proposed to use a colour-calibration slide made in-house to derive a colour correction matrix. Bautista and Yagi (2015) showed that it is possible to achieve consistent and accurate segmentations with simple classifiers by accounting for the staining conditions of the slides using dye amount tables.…”
Section: Preprocessing Of Digital Pathologymentioning
Histology permits the observation of otherwise invisible structures of the internal topography of a specimen. Although it enables the investigation of tissues at a cellular level, it is invasive and breaks topology due to cutting. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction was thus introduced to overcome the limitations of single-section studies in a dimensional scope. 3D reconstruction finds its roots in embryology, where it enabled the visualisation of spatial relationships of developing systems and organs, and extended to biomedicine, where the observation of individual, stained sections provided only partial understanding of normal and abnormal tissues. However, despite bringing visual awareness, recovering realistic reconstructions is elusive without prior knowledge about the tissue shape. 3D medical imaging made such structural ground truths available. In addition, combining non-invasive imaging with histology unveiled invaluable opportunities to relate macroscopic information to the underlying microscopic properties of tissues through the establishment of spatial correspondences; image registration is one technique that permits the automation of such a process and we describe reconstruction methods that rely on it. It is thereby possible to recover the original topology of histology and lost relationships, gain insight into what affects the signals used to construct medical images (and characterise them), or build high resolution anatomical atlases. This paper reviews almost three decades of methods for 3D histology reconstruction from serial sections, used in the study of many different types of tissue. We first summarise the process that produces digitised sections from a tissue specimen in order to understand the peculiarity of the data, the associated artefacts and some possible ways to minimise them. We then describe methods for 3D histology reconstruction with and without the help of 3D medical imaging, along with methods of validation and some applications. We finally attempt to identify the trends and challenges that the field is facing, many of which are derived from the cross-disciplinary nature of the problem as it involves the collaboration between physicists, histolopathologists, computer scientists and physicians.
“…Attention has been drawn to the importance of accurate color reproduction in WSI and steps to ensure or improve upon it. [ 78 96 ] However, it was not until relatively recently that pathology articles and textbooks were regularly printed in color and a portion of currently practicing pathologists trained, at least partially, with gray scale images as the norm. In addition, a few studies have been published on color blindness in pathologists.…”
Digital displays (monitors) are an indispensable component of a pathologists’ daily workflow, from writing reports, viewing whole-slide images, or browsing the Internet. Due to a paucity of literature and experience surrounding display use and standardization in pathology, the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) has currently restricted FDA-cleared whole-slide imaging systems to a specific model of display for each system, which at this time consists of only medical-grade (MG) displays. Further, given that a pathologists’ display will essentially become their new surrogate “microscope,” it becomes exceedingly important that all pathologists have a basic understanding of fundamental display properties and their functional consequences. This review seeks to: (a) define and summarize the current and emerging display technology, terminology, features, and regulation as they pertain to pathologists and review the current literature on the impact of different display types (e.g. MG vs. consumer off the shelf vs. professional grade) on pathologists’ diagnostic performance and (b) discuss the impact of the recent digital pathology device componentization and the coronavirus disease 2019 public emergency on the pixel pathway and display use for remote digital pathology. Display technology has changed dramatically over the past 20 years and continues to change at a rapid rate. There is a paucity of published studies to date that investigate how display type affects pathologist performance, with more research necessary in order to develop standards and minimum specifications for displays in digital pathology. Given the complexity of modern displays, pathologists must become better informed regarding display technology if they wish to have more choice over their future “microscopes.”
“…As discussed in our previous study. Bautista et al [ 27 ] the staining condition can be controlled and standardized using spectral information instead of RGB data.…”
Whole slide imaging (WSI) has various uses, including the development of decision support systems, image analysis, education, conferences, and remote diagnostics. It is also used to develop artificial intelligence using machine learning methods. In the clinical setting, however, many issues have hindered the implementation of WSI. These issues are becoming more important as WSI is gaining wider use in clinical practice, particularly with the implementation of artificial intelligence in pathological diagnosis. One of the most important issues is the standardization of color for WSI, which is an important component of digital pathology. In this paper, we review the major factors of color variation and how to evaluate and modify color variation to establish color standardization. There are five major reasons for color variation, which include specimen thickness, staining, scanner, viewer, and display. Recognizing that the color is not standardized is the first step towards standardization, and it is difficult to ascertain whether the appropriate color of the WSI is displayed at the reviewers’ end.
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