Staging deep venous thrombosis using ultrasound elasticity imaging: Animal model

Xie, Hua; Kim, Kang; Aglyamov, Salavat R.; Emelianov, Stanislav; Chen, Xunchang; O’Donnell, Matthew; Weitzel, William F.; Wrobleski, Shirley K.; Myers, Daniel D.; Wakefield, Thomas W.; Rubin, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.08.015

Cited by 61 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It uses tissue deformation to assess the tissue hardness and hence clot maturity (24,25). It has shown promising results in animals and in a few studies in humans.…”

Section: Sonographic Elasticity Imaging (Sei)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced imaging in acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis

Karande

Hedgire

Sánchez

et al. 2016

Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther.

102

107

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“…It uses tissue deformation to assess the tissue hardness and hence clot maturity (24,25). It has shown promising results in animals and in a few studies in humans.…”

Section: Sonographic Elasticity Imaging (Sei)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced imaging in acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis

Karande

Hedgire

Sánchez

et al. 2016

Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther.

102

107

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“…In contrast, the process of thrombus organisation has been studied in reliable animal models of low flow-induced inferior vena cava thrombosis (table 2). Most of these animal models were developed in rodents, with the goal of investigating venous thrombus resolution [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Thrombosis can be induced by venous stasis alone or combined with induced blood hypercoagulability or mechanical endothelial damage.…”

Section: Animal Models Of Persistent Intravascular Thrombosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: animal models

Mercier

Fadel

2013

Eur Respir J

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Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life-threatening disease due to pulmonary artery obstruction by persistent organised clots related to one or more episodes of acute pulmonary embolism. To date, the pathogenesis of CTEPH remains unexplained. Pulmonary endarterectomy removes obstruction from pulmonary vessels and can cure patients. However, some unreachable distal pulmonary obstruction and/or associated distal pulmonary vasculopathy could induce persistent pulmonary hypertension, the main postoperative complication.The pathophysiology of CTEPH is not fully understood and improving knowledge of this disease could improve our future surgical and medical management. Many attempts, conducted over several decades, have failed to reproduce this chronic disease in animals. However, several animal models have provided insights into the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of CTEPH. Here, we review all the animal models that have improved the comprehension of CTEPH and hold promise for further investigations. This short review analyses strengths and weaknesses of all animal models available to study the pathophysiology of CTEPH. , chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a type-4 subtype of pulmonary hypertension (PH), in which pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) [2] is effective in preventing death by right ventricle (RV) failure. CTEPH is due to obstruction of pulmonary arteries by persistent organised clots formed during one or more episodes of acute pulmonary embolism. The reason for clot persistence is unknown and the pathogenesis of CTEPH remains unexplained. To date, the lack of risk factors predicting the evolution from acute pulmonary embolism to CTEPH does not allow the development of preventive care and/or screening programmes.The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is believed to result from a combination of proximal pulmonary artery obstruction and distal pulmonary vasculopathy [3,4], which have to be quantified before PEA to estimate risks and predict surgical success. However, the mechanisms underlying lesion development in the obstructed and unobstructed peripheral vascular beds remain unknown. Hence, medical management of inoperable CTEPH or operable CTEPH with an important distal vasculopathy remains troublesome because of a lack of efficient therapy.To elucidate the pathophysiology of CTEPH, considerable effort has been expended in attempting to develop reliable animal models. Acute pulmonary embolism is easily produced in several animal species. In contrast, the induction of a disease replicating all the components of human CTEPH has proved challenging. These

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“…Given that the deformation force varied across different days for different rats, we had to normalize the strain estimates. As described previously (Emelianov et al 2002;Xie et al 2004), this was accomplished by individually normalizing strain images by dividing by the magnitude of the average surface-applied strain for each deformation. The axial normal strain values in our experiment range between −1 and 0 with a negative sign representing compression, whereas the normalized strains themselves can take any nonpositive number.…”

Section: Strain Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that thrombus age is closely related to thrombi hardening (Lewis 1998;Browse et al 1999). Based on this relationship, it has been shown that ultrasound elasticity imaging does a remarkably accurate job of estimating the age of thrombi in rats (Emelianov et al 2002;Xie et al 2004). Using a 2D phase-sensitive speckle tracking technique to monitor deformations of inferior vena cavas (IVC) thrombi, we have been able to predict the ages of surgically induced thrombi in rat IVC to within ±0.8 days for thrombi that are ten days old or less.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In our previous studies (Emelianov et al 2002;Xie et al 2004), hardness estimates were based on strain measurements normalized to the average surface applied strain, which was calculated as the ratio of the accumulated spine displacement to the baseline axial depth of the spine anterior surface. Thrombus maturity was modeled through the normalized strain as an exponential decay function of thrombus age .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correspondence of ultrasound elasticity imaging to direct mechanical measurement in aging DVT in rats

Xie

Kim

Aglyamov

et al. 2005

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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Previous ultrasound elasticity imaging experiments supported a generally accepted concept that the hardness of deep venous thrombi increases with thrombus aging. Results also showed that this noninvasive imaging technique can accurately predict thrombus age through strain estimates in a well controlled animal study. In the present study, as an alternative means to characterize elastic properties of thrombi, we employed a direct mechanical measurement system to estimate Young's modulus of ex vivo thrombi. Unlike conventional indentation tests, the device utilizes a specific compression geometry for cylindrical tissue specimens. We also proposed an approximation scheme to retrieve Young's modulus from force-displacement measurements made using the device. Finite element simulations and calibrations on tissue-mimicking phantoms validated the system. Then, using two groups of rats with surgically induced thrombi, we further investigated the correlation between Young's modulus measured ex vivo and elasticity images reconstructed in vivo. This comparison was accomplished by converting the intra-thrombus strains measured in the in vivo studies into Young's modulus estimates using a model based approach. Good agreement between time-dependent Young's modulus estimates observed in vivo and direct measurements of Young's modulus using the mechanical device helps to confirm the ability of elasticity imaging to age DVT for efficient treatment.

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Staging deep venous thrombosis using ultrasound elasticity imaging: Animal model

Cited by 61 publications

References 28 publications

Advanced imaging in acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis

Advanced imaging in acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: animal models

Correspondence of ultrasound elasticity imaging to direct mechanical measurement in aging DVT in rats

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