Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory.

Kandel, Denise B.; Yamaguchi, Kazuo; Chen, Kevin

doi:10.15288/jsa.1992.53.447

Cited by 920 publications

(560 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

491

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Early exposure to tobacco has long-term adverse consequences: the progression from tobacco use to the use of other illicit drugs is more rapid when onset of use occurs during adolescence (Kandel et al, 1992;Yu and Williford, 1992), and early smoking onset is associated with a reduced probability of quitting (Breslau and Peterson, 1996;Chen and Millar, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Self-Administration, Extinction Responding and Reinstatement in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats: Evidence Against a Biological Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction during Adolescence

Shram

Funk

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Initiation of smoking behavior typically occurs during adolescence and rarely occurs during adulthood. Despite this epidemiological evidence, relatively little is known about possible neurobiological differences in the response to nicotine in adolescents that might make them more vulnerable to nicotine addiction. In the current study, we assessed nicotine self-administration under fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedules in adolescent (postnatal day (P) 33-35) and adult (P91-94) rats. We then assessed extinction and reinstatement of nicotine seeking in adulthood in rats that initiated nicotine self-administration during either adolescence or adulthood. Nicotine self-administration (0.03 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) was higher in adult rats than in adolescent rats under FR5 and PR reinforcement schedules; no age differences in nicotine self-administration were observed under FR1 or FR2 reinforcement schedules. In contrast, saccharin self-administration under FR5 and PR reinforcement schedules was similar in both age groups, potentially ruling out age differences in general performance. Rats that initiated nicotine self-administration as adults demonstrated a greater resistance to extinction of nicotine taking behavior when saline was substituted for nicotine than rats that initiated self-administration as adolescents. Reinstatement of nicotine seeking following nicotine priming injections (0.075, 0.15, 0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) was independent of the age of onset of nicotine self-administration. The present data from established rat models of drug self-administration and drug relapse suggest that nicotine is less reinforcing in adolescent compared with adult rats and that processes other than the reinforcing effects of nicotine may be involved in the greater susceptibility to smoking during the adolescent developmental stage.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Self-Administration, Extinction Responding and Reinstatement in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats: Evidence Against a Biological Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction during Adolescence

Shram

Funk

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Early marijuana risk research traditionally focused on differences between users and nonusers. Later studies explored differences among users (Jessor and Jessor 1977;Kandel et al 1992), a reasonable tactic if the research is concerned with treatment variations; but if prevention is central, then factors that identify differences among nonusers may be critical (Siegel et al 2003). The goal of this study is to expand prior research differentiating within-group differences among marijuana nonusers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This research expands the user/nonuser dichotomy commonly used in research on marijuana. By conceptualizing nonusers as homogeneous, vital nuances in susceptibility to risk and protective factors may be overlooked. Research operations tested the predictive validity of a brief measure that divided nonusers into resolute and vulnerable subcategories; determined whether variables that distinguished nonusers and users were more informative when a tripartite classification was used; and with an eye on future prevention, examined variables on which resolute nonusers were similar to vulnerable nonusers or users, and on which they differed from both. A nationally representative sample of respondents (N=2,111; ages 12−16 years) from the National Survey of Parents and Youth was used in this secondary analysis. Panel data gathered yearly over four rounds included information on intentions and use of marijuana and other illicit substances, along with social, demographic, intrapersonal, and parental variables. The three groups differed significantly on associates' marijuana use, participants' approval of others' use, and cigarette and alcohol use. Resolute nonusers differed from vulnerable nonusers and users alike on religiosity, delinquency (self and friends'), refusal strength, sensation seeking, parental monitoring and warmth, and adult supervision. Results support the utility of distinguishing vulnerable from resolute nonusers, counsel against considering nonusers as a homogeneous group, and provide insight into variables that might prove useful in future prevention efforts. KeywordsMarijuana usage; Risk taking; Adolescent attitudes; Drug initiation; Drug abuse; Risk factors; Secondary analysis; Vulnerability Despite massive public expenditures to curtail its adoption, marijuana remains the illicit drug most widely used by adolescents in the United States (Johnston et al. 2006). Consequences of marijuana use include increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases (Boyer et al. 1999), problems at school (Lynskey and Hall 2000), motor vehicle accidents (Smiley 1999), and lung and bronchial cancers (Sidney et al. 1997). The most common substance reported in adolescents' emergency department admissions (Office of Applied Studies 2000), marijuana can impair adolescent development (Hall and Solowij 1998); heavy usage can attenuate learning and mental flexibility (Lundqvist 2005), and may precipitate psychosis and schizophrenia in vulnerable youth (Ferdinand et al. 2005;Hall 1998;Smit et al. 2004). These stark findings clearly counsel prevention. To maximize scarce resources, youth most vulnerable to marijuana initiation must be identified (Crano and Burgoon 2002;Kosterman et al. 2000). Early marijuana risk research traditionally focused on differences between users and nonusers. Later studies explored differences among users (Jessor and Jessor 1977;Kandel et al. 1992), a reasonable tactic if the research is concerned with treatment variations; but if prevention is central, then factors that identify differences among n...

show abstract

“…19). Indivíduos com história de pensamentos suicidas/tentativa de suicídio eram cerca de 3,1 vezes mais prová-veis de apresentarem diagnóstico de abuso/dependên-cia de cocaína (IC 95% 0,91-10,79).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Transtornos mentais como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de abuso/dependência de cocaína: estudo caso-controle

Lopes

Coutinho

1999

Rev. Saúde Pública

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel dos transtornos mentais e da dependência ao álcool como possíveis fatores de risco para o abuso/dependência de cocaína. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se o desenho caso-controle e a técnica de bola-de-neve (snowball technique) para selecionar uma amostra de usuários de cocaína não tratados na comunidade (casos) e parear casos e controles por sexo, idade e amizade. A coleta de dados foi feita através da utilização do questionário CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) que gera diagnósticos de acordo com os critérios do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-R. A análise dos dados foi feita através de regressão logística condicional. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 208 indivíduos. Os principais resultados mostraram que história passada de dependência ao álcool era o principal fator associado a um aumento no risco de desenvolvimento de abuso de cocaína (OR=15,1; IC 95% 3,8-60,2); nenhum outro transtorno mental isolado manteve-se significativamente associado ao aumento deste risco após a análise multivariada. Aumento no risco de abuso de cocaína também foi encontrado entre os indivíduos que relataram pensamentos suicidas (OR=3,1; IC 95% 0,91-10,8), sugerindo associação entre quadros mais graves de depressão e abuso de cocaína. CONCLUSÕES: Esses achados sugerem que os programas voltados para a prevenção e tratamento do abuso de cocaína devem estar preparados para o manejo de questões relacionadas à co-morbidade do abuso de drogas com o álcool e outros distúrbios psiquiátricos.

show abstract

Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory.

Cited by 920 publications

References 38 publications

Nicotine Self-Administration, Extinction Responding and Reinstatement in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats: Evidence Against a Biological Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction during Adolescence

Nicotine Self-Administration, Extinction Responding and Reinstatement in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats: Evidence Against a Biological Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction during Adolescence

The At-risk Adolescent Marijuana Nonuser: Expanding the Standard Distinction

Transtornos mentais como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de abuso/dependência de cocaína: estudo caso-controle

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About