“…The names of stages and the benchmark variables by which they are measured differ to some extent, as is evident from the plethora of SoG models that have been developed over the past 40 years. However, all SoG models purport that ISs evolve through a number of stages, with respect to their use and management, and increase in sophistication and complexity as their application becomes more significant and mission critical (Chan and Swatman, 2004;Damsgaard and Scheepers, 1999;de Brí, 2009;de Bruin et al, 2005;Duane and Finnegan, 2003;Earl, 1989;Forrester, 2012;García et al, 2013;Gibson and Nolan, 1974;Gottschalk and Khandelwal, 2004;Gottschalk and Solli-Saether, 2010;Jacobs and Nakata, 2010;Janssen and van Veenstra, 2005;Jayasuriya, 1993;Jeffery and Leliveld, 2004;Kazanjian, 1988;King and Teo, 1997;KPMG, 1997;Layne and Lee, 2001;Lingling, 2011;Magal et al, 1988;McFarlan and McKenney, 1982;Nikhil et al, 2007;Rao et al, 2003;Rocha, 2012). The following sections discuss the development and use of SoG models over the past 40 years, including recent SoG models for social media, before discussing the dominant problems associated with social media.…”