Staged entrepreneurship: the formation of hybrid and spawning entrepreneurial intentions

Abstract

Most individuals find their way into entrepreneurship through combinations of self-employment and paid employment. However, prior research on entrepreneurial intentions has overlooked intended career transitions. Drawing on social cognitive career theory, we argue that, against the background of personal and environmental factors, individuals form career intentions that involve the combination of and transition between paid employment and self-employment. Such staged entrepreneurial intentions include the delay of entrepreneurial entry by intermediate stages of paid employment (i.e., spawning entrepreneurial intentions) or immediate entrepreneurial entry in parallel combination with paid employment at established organizations (i.e., hybrid entrepreneurial intentions). We test these theoretical ideas based on a survey involving 1003 individuals prior to career entry. The results indicate that individuals proactively align their envisioned career stages according to expected socio-cognitive enablers and barriers (i.e., their entrepreneurial self-efficacy, personal attitudes to entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and socioeconomic status). Notably, we find that individuals with lower levels of perceived social support for an entrepreneurial career more likely intend to combine their existing entrepreneurial activities with a conventional career at an established organization. Furthermore, individuals from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds as well as women are more likely to delay entrepreneurial entry by starting their professional careers in paid employment. The study’s primary contribution is the introduction of a novel perspective on entrepreneurial intentions based on individuals’ intended career transitions.

The Impact of state Corporate Opportunity Waivers on county entrepreneurial outcomes in the United States

“…Table 2 presents our theoretical arguments on the dual-edged effects of COWs on regional entrepreneurial activity through the lens of corporate entrepreneurship (Brändle & Kuckertz, 2022;Rigtering & Behrens, 2021;Soltanifar et al, 2023) and entrepreneurial spawning literature (Avnimelech & Feldman, 2010;Brändle & Kuckertz, 2022;Garrett et al, 2017). On the positive edge, first, COWs can be viewed as incentivizing independent venturing over internal initiatives within established organizations.…”

“…Third, within the broader discourse on entrepreneurship spawning, the introduction of COWs as an external trigger for venture creation prompts a redefinition of traditional boundaries of venture creation in a region (Brändle & Kuckertz, 2022;Gompers et al, 2005). COW policies induce spawning from "opportunity-enabled" employees (Coad et al, 2021).…”

Multiple Entrepreneurial Intentions: An Individual Case Study

“…In doing so, tailored programs at national, regional and local level can be better designed and funded for particular target demographics and cultural settings in efforts to stimulate economic dynamism through entrepreneurial behavior. For instance, in certain contexts -for example those considered less socio-economically developed (Brändle and Kuckertz, 2021) -there may be refractory periods in which venture creation intention incubates and is therefore delayed. It would be wise for policy makers in this scenario to account for these delays in planning for later entrepreneurship entry.…”

Emprendimiento formativo en una universidad del centro de México

“…Los indicadores de impacto social y económico miden el impacto social y económico de las iniciativas de emprendimiento formativo, incluyendo el apoyo a comunidades locales, la reducción del desempleo, la innovación social y el desarrollo económico (Brändle & Kuckertz, 2022).…”