Stage II and stage III periodontitis clinical burdens of HIV-1 undergoing antiretroviral therapy

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to estimate the association of HIV-1 infection under highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on the clinical parameters of periodontitis. Materials and methods A total of 205 patients were divided in two groups: 74 HIV + and 131 HIV − . Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and visible supragingival biofilm (VSB) were recorded. The association of HIV-1 infection with the presence of at least 3 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm in non-adjacent teeth was estimated using binary logistic regression models. Results The variables HIV-1 infection (OR = 5.53, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 2.45–13.64), age [range 35–50 years old (OR = 5.73, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 2.49–13.20); > 50 years old (OR = 6.29, p = 0.002, 95% CI: 1.94–20.42)], and VSB (OR = 23.68, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 8.07–69.53) showed a significant direct association with BOP outcome. Conclusions HIV-1 infection under HAART did not have association with the presence of at least 3 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm. However, HIV patients on HAART had direct association of HIV-1 infection with BOP and an inverse association with PPD. Clinical relevance These results support that monitoring gingival bleeding associated with oral prophylaxis would be beneficial in the prevention and management of periodontitis in HIV-1 patients on HAART.

Association between virus infection and periodontitis: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009−2014

“…Another reason could be that HIV‐infected individuals exhibit heightened awareness of their overall health and oral care compared to healthy individuals, with one study observing a reduction in periodontitis symptoms among HIV patients 71 . Moreover, the advances in antiretroviral therapy may improve oral health, as a decrease in periodontal probing depth has been found in HIV patients with HAART therapy, which can be partly resulted from the restoration of T cell function 70,72 . It is important to note that most opposing evidence has been derived from studies conducted within the Brazilian population, 70–72 limiting the generalizability of the result.…”

“…71 Moreover, the advances in antiretroviral therapy may improve oral health, as a decrease in periodontal probing depth has been found in HIV patients with HAART therapy, which can be partly resulted from the restoration of T cell function. 70,72 It is important to note that most opposing evidence has been derived from studies conducted within the Brazilian population, [70][71][72] limiting the generalizability of the result. However, the association in both directions cannot be verified in our study.…”

Natural killer-like B cells are a distinct but infrequent innate immune cell subset modulated by SIV infection of rhesus macaques

“…Altered mucosal microbiota and microbial translocation are hallmarks of HIV infection [27,39]. PLWH are highly susceptible to oral infections and altered oral microbial dysbiosis, leading to gingivitis and periodontitis, which in turn can cause loss of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone structure, and loss of teeth [40][41][42][43]. Indeed, NKB cells have been implicated in…”

Risk and periodontitis: An insight into risk indicators and modifiers

“…Periodontal diseases are entirely within the scope of the possible consequences of HIV. These are multifactorial chronic infectious diseases that classically occur between the ages of 35 and 40 and are part of the reason for comorbidities [10] . HIV infection is associated with certain forms of periodontal disease, also worsens the pre-existing periodontal conditions [2] .…”