Stadium attendance in German professional football – the (un)importance of uncertainty of outcome reconsidered

Europe’s Elite Football: Financial Growth, Sporting Success, Transfer Investment, and Private Majority Investors

“…Controlling for potential reverse causality, the 2sls FE IV model confirms the positive impact of national league and international sporting success at the 0.1% level, of national cup success at the 1% level, and of brand value at the 10% level. The presented results for the financial success model are in line with findings from previous research [14,34]. That is, we have shown that the standard model of financial success in European professional football also holds true for the sample of Europe's elite football clubs.…”

“…Bauer et al [37] use an online questionnaire (n = 1594 people) and show a positive impact of brand equity on attendance in German football in the 2003/04 season. Pawlowski and Anders [14] extend the model by Czarnitzki and Stadtmann [36] and find evidence of a positive impact of the away team's brand strength and uncertainty of the championship outcome in the 2005/06 season in the German Bundesliga.…”

“…The first strategy is based on owning a global brand that is powerful enough to generate sufficient revenues from merchandising, ticketing, and international broadcasting [13,14]. According to the annual Brand Finance [17] report on the world's most valuable football brands, the market is dominated by a small number of very strong brands (Table 4).…”

“…Thus, few would argue that the role of international sporting success has outgrown the role of national sporting success for the top European teams [4,[10][11][12]. Additionally, building brand equity has been shown to be important in driving merchandise and ticketing revenues of professional sports clubs [13,14]. 2 of 20 This paper brings together a unique database of Europe's elite football clubs with existing theories and empirical studies on the antecedents of financial success in national leagues.…”

Do all sporting prizes have a significant positive impact on attendance in a European national football league? (Competitive intensity in the French Ligue 1)

“…Значение этого индекса возрастает од-новременно с повышением априорной степени неопределенности исхода матча [Pawlowski, Anders, 2012]. Интенсивность соперничества измеряется дамми-переменными, кото-рые являются функциями разности между количеством очков, набранных командой, играющей на «домашнем» поле, и теми, которые надо набрать для выигрыша тех или иных спортивных призов, а также от характера этих призов.…”