Stable zinc anodes by in situ polymerization of conducting polymer to conformally coat zinc oxide particles

Gan, Wengang; Zhang, Zejie; Zhao, Jiuzhou; Zhou, Liang

doi:10.1007/s10800-015-0833-0

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A zinc wire reference electrode (2 mm diameter) was flush-mounted on the inside wall of every cell through a 2 mm hole drilled through the side of each PMMA plate at a height ∼6 mm above the electrodes and ∼6 mm below the electrolyte–air interface. Zinc is experimentally well established to be a reliable reference electrode in strong KOH solution. ,,,− Each cell was completely sealed except for two small vent tubes (ID 700 μm, 3 cm length) in the cell top.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Zinc Alkaline Anodes for Long-Cycle Energy Storage

et al. 2017

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Zinc alkaline anodes command significant share of consumer battery markets and are a key technology for the emerging grid-scale battery market. Improved understanding of this electrode is required for long-cycle deployments at kWh and MWh scale due to strict requirements on performance, cost, and safety. Here we give a modern literature survey of zinc alkaline anodes with levelized performance metrics and also present an experimental assessment of leading formulations. Long-cycle materials characterization, performance metrics, and failure analysis are reported for over 25 unique anode formulations with up to 1500 cycles and ∼1.5 years of shelf life per test. Statistical repeatability of these measurements is made for a baseline design (fewest additives) via 15 duplicates. Baseline design capacity density is 38 mAh per mL of anode volume, and lifetime throughput is 72 Ah per mL of anode volume. We then report identical measurements for anodes with improved material properties via additives and other perturbations, some of which achieve capacity density over 192 mAh per mL of anode volume and lifetime throughput of 190 Ah per mL of anode volume. Novel in operando X-ray microscopy of a cycling zinc paste anode reveals the formation of a nanoscale zinc material that cycles electrochemically and replaces the original anode structure over long-cycle life. Ex situ elemental mapping and other materials characterization suggest that the key physical processes are hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), growth of zinc oxide nanoscale material, concentration deficits of OH– and ZnOH4 2–, and electrodeposition of Zn growths outside and through separator membranes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Zinc Alkaline Anodes for Long-Cycle Energy Storage

et al. 2017

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“…In order to compare the two electrodes, the data of ac impedance is fitted by Zsimpwin. The fitting circuit diagram is shown in Figure (b),, and the fitting results are shown in Figure (c‐d). It can be seen that the fitting results agree with the experimental results, indicating that the fitted circuit diagram can effectively explain the experimental results.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Properties of a ZnO/PVA/β‐CD Composite Electrode for Rechargeable Zinc Anodes

Zhang

Zhou

et al. 2018

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ZnO/PVA/β‐CD composite electrode was prepared by chemical crosslinking method. The FT‐IR spectrum of the composite electrode shows that the absorption peaks in 3379 cm−1 owing to the O−H stretching vibration decreased significantly, indicating the decreased of the hydroxyl number. The blue shift of the absorption peak at 3900 cm−1 owing to the O−H stretching vibration proves that the complex substance formed after cross‐linked reaction is more stable. Compared with the bare electrode, the cycle numbers of the composite electrode increased from 40 to 80 before the discharge capacity of the battery reduced to 80% of the maximum capacity at the charge/discharge current density of 25 mA⋅cm−2, which revealed that the cycle life of the composite electrode was longer than the bare electrode. SEM spectrum of the composite after 80 cycles that the active substances were embedded in the composite electrode regularly with good morphology and no obvious dendrite while there was a large number of dendrite inside the bare electrode, which indicated that there was an effect of combination between the complex substance and the active Zn. The results of the polarization curves and the AC impedance measurements show that the composite electrode has high electrochemical activity and low internal resistance.

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“…One key reasoning behind the instability and poor cycle‐life of Zn‐air batteries is the continuous structural changes taking place in the anode [43–48] . The structural changes can take the form of gross morphological changes, passivation, and dendrite formation on the Zn anode.…”

Section: Cycle‐life Degradation Mechanism Of Zn‐air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of a passivating ZnO layer also hinders electron transfer and limits the hydroxyl or zincate ion mass transfer to/from the anode, further decreasing the batteries′ performance. The excessive formation of dendrites may also damage the separator and reach the cathode side, causing the electrode shorting and catastrophic failure of the battery [44,45,48] . Moreover, the Zn anode may also experience a self‐corrosion failure mode as a result of the HER at the anode.…”

Section: Cycle‐life Degradation Mechanism Of Zn‐air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Extending the Cycle‐Life of Secondary Zn‐Air Batteries

et al. 2021

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Secondary Zn‐air batteries with stable voltage and long cycle‐life are of immediate interest to meet global energy storage needs at various scales. Although primary Zn‐air batteries have been widely used since the early 1930s, large‐scale development of electrically rechargeable variants has not been fully realized due to their short cycle‐life. In this work, we review some of the most recent and effective strategies to extend the cycle‐life of Zn‐air batteries. Firstly, diverse degradation routes in Zn‐air batteries will be discussed, linking commonly observed failure modes with the possible mechanisms and root causes. Next, we evaluate the most recent and effective strategies aimed at tackling individual or multiple of these degradation routes. Both aspects of cell architecture design and materials engineering of the electrodes and the electrolytes will be thoroughly covered. Finally, we offer our perspective on how the cycle‐life of Zn‐air batteries can be extended with concerted and tailored research directions to pave the way for their use as the most promising secondary battery system of the future.

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Stable zinc anodes by in situ polymerization of conducting polymer to conformally coat zinc oxide particles

Cited by 25 publications

References 25 publications

Rechargeable Zinc Alkaline Anodes for Long-Cycle Energy Storage

Rechargeable Zinc Alkaline Anodes for Long-Cycle Energy Storage

Preparation and Properties of a ZnO/PVA/β‐CD Composite Electrode for Rechargeable Zinc Anodes

Recent Progress in Extending the Cycle‐Life of Secondary Zn‐Air Batteries

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