Stable Lead in Milk and Derivates

Abstract

Lead is a heavy metal widely distributed in soil since it is constantly produced by the radioactive decay series of uranium ( 238 U), actinium ( 235 U), and thorium ( 232 Th). The purpose of this research was to determine lead concentrations in fresh milk and derivates of the farms located in the municipalities of Pedra and Venturosa, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The concentration of lead varied from 3 to 90 µg L −1 in fresh milk, from 20 to 1,050 µg kg −1 in curdled cheese, and from 6 to 20 µg L −1 in milk serum. Seven samples of fresh milk and one of curdled cheese presented concentration limits higher than those established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Toxic Metals (Pb and Cd) and Their Respective Antagonists (Ca and Zn) in Infant Formulas and Milk Marketed in Brasilia, Brazil

“…These results are in agreement with reports from other regions of Brazil [ 22 – 25 ]. Indeed, it has been suggested that the largest contribution of lead contamination in cow’s milk (74%) in Brazil arises from the metal vessels used to transport milk to the processing plants [ 26 ].…”

“…In fresh and pasteurized bovine milk from the Paraíba Valley region, the mean concentrations of Pb have been reported as 0.04 and 0.23 mg/L, while Cd was below detection limits [ 23 , 24 ]. In the Northern state of Pernambuco the concentration of Pb in fresh milk samples varied from 3 to 90 μg/L [ 25 ].…”

Presencia de metales pesados en leche cruda bovina de Machachi, Ecuador

“…Si se comparan los resultados de este estudio con otras investigaciones llevadas a cabo en América Latina, la variabilidad sigue siendo significativa, incluso dentro del mismo país. En el caso de Brasil, la contaminación por Pb excedió los límites establecidos tanto en la leche cruda como en los derivados de la leche (Silva y col., 2010;Oliveira y col., 2017;Vasconcelos y col., 2019;Gomes y col., 2013). En Puebla, México, el análisis de muestras de leche cruda reveló la presencia de Pb a una abundancia media de 0,03 mg/kg, y a una abundancia media de 0,12 mg/kg.…”

“…El plomo (Pb) se produce con frecuencia por la descomposición radioactiva del uranio y el actinio, y se puede encontrar en el suelo (Silva y col., 2010). Sin embargo, el plomo también puede introducirse en el medio ambiente a través de otras vías, como el uso de equipos que contienen plomo, fertilizantes químicos y pesticidas, o agua contaminada con plomo (Litter, Farías y Armienta, 2009).…”

Element Fractionation Analysis for Milk in Its Real Matrix by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

“…[6] Generally there are many methods to deal with the total amount of essential elements in milk samples. The analytical techniques usually applied to the determination of metals in milk samples are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] graphite furnace AAS, [7,9,11,14,15] ICP-OES, [11,16,17] and ICP-MS. [18][19][20][21][22] Moreover, voltametric techniques are also capable of determining elements at trace levels. [23] Fractionation studies for elements are more informative than total element determinations for all types of samples in order to realize bioavailability and toxicity of elements.…”