Stable Conversion Mn₃O₄ Li-Ion Battery Anode Material with Integrated Hierarchical and Core–Shell Structure

Abstract

Anodes composed of Mn3O4 deliver a much higher specific capacity in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) than that of commercial graphite but suffer from poor cycling stability, a poor rate characteristic, and a high overpotential stemming from volumetric changes during cycling, low electroconductibility, and insufficient ion diffusivity. To make Mn3O4 more applicable, we developed a convenient one-pot synthesis route to fabricate porous hierarchical spherical Mn3O4 with in situ coated conductive carbon (C-Mn3O4). The C-Mn3O4 shows a large capacity and good cycling stability. When assembled into anodes, this material delivered a capacity of 703 mA h g–1 in a 1000 mA g–1 cycling test after 700 cycles with only a 3% capacity decay. Meanwhile, the system provided superior rate performance with capacities of 860, 823, 760, 674, and 570 mA h g–1 at 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 mA g–1, respectively. On the basis of our systematic investigations, we attribute this high electrochemical performance to the carbon reinforced porous hierarchical sphere structure.

Recovery and Reuse of Anode Graphite from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Citric Acid Leaching

“…As a final step, the assembled batteries should be sealed with a battery-sealing machine. After resting for 24 h, the electrochemical properties of different kinds of graphite were tested at different ratios. , The cycle performance of coin cells was tested by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling tests with a multichannel battery tester (LANHE CT2001A) in a voltage range of 0.01–2.0 V at selected rates from 0.1 to 2 C (1 C = 372 mA h g –1 ). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed on a CHI604D workstation.…”

Morphological and Structural Evolution of MnO@C Anode and Its Application in Lithium-Ion Capacitors

“…The high theoretical lithium storage capacity and low electromotive force enable MnO to an ideal alternative to graphite anode. As a result, MnO has been a hot spot in the research of energy storage materials and devices. − Researchers around the globe have designed various MnO structures such as nanowires, microcubes, microspheres, nanosheets, and nanodiscs and tested their performance in half-cell LIBs. − All these previous explorations have confirmed that MnO can be anode material for LIBs. It is worth noting that although pristine MnO possess attractive properties, its practical performance is severely limited by its large volume expansion and poor electrical conductivity.…”

Three-Dimensional Monolithically Self-Grown Metal Oxide Highly Dense Nanonetworks as Free-Standing High-Capacity Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…The cathodic peak at ∼0.31 V can be associated with the lithiation of the Mn 3 O 4 NWs, along with the conversion reaction happening toward the formation of Li 2 O. The anodic peak at ∼1.36 V can be associated with the reversible reaction and oxidation of the metallic species created by the conversion reaction, along with delithiation of the entire electrode. , The lithiation mechanism proposed in previous studies, along with the mechanism proposed here, is given in eq …”

“…The anodic peak at ∼1.36 V can be associated with the reversible reaction and oxidation of the metallic species created by the conversion reaction, along with delithiation of the entire electrode. 49,50 The lithiation mechanism proposed in previous studies, along with the mechanism proposed here, is given in eq 1…”