The recent reports
on milk consumption and its associated risk
with hormone related disorders necessitates the evaluation of dairy
products for the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
and ensure the safety of consumers. In view of this, we investigated
the possible presence of (anti)androgenic contaminants in raw and
commercialized milk samples. For this purpose, a novel HepARE-Luc
cell line that stably expresses human androgen receptor (AR) and the
androgen responsive luciferase reporter gene was generated and used
in the present study. Treatment of this cell line with androgens and
corresponding antiandrogen (flutamide) stimulated or inhibited expression
of reporter luciferase, respectively. Real time polymerase chain reaction
and immunostaining results exhibited transcription response and translocation
of AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to androgen. Observations
implied that a cell-based xenobiotic screening assay via AR response can be conducted for assessing the (anti)androgenic
ligands present in food chain including milk. Therefore, the cell
line was further used to screen the (anti)androgenic activity of a
total of 40 milk fat samples procured as raw or commercial milk. Some
of the raw and commercial milk fat samples distinctly showed antiandrogenic
activities. Subsequently, some commonly used environmental chemicals
were also evaluated for their (anti)androgenic activities. Initial
observations with molecular docking studies of experimental compounds
were performed to assess their interaction with AR ligand binding
domain. Furthermore, (anti)androgenic activities of these compounds
were confirmed by performing luciferase assay using the HepARE-Luc
cell line. None of the test compounds showed androgenic activities
rather some of them like Bisphenol A (BPA) and rifamycin showed antiandrogenic
activities. In conclusion, our results provide a valuable information
about the assessment of (anti)androgenic activities present in milk
samples. Overall, it is proposed that a robust cell-based CALUX assay
can be used to assess the (anti)androgenic activities present in milk
which can be attributed to different environmental chemicals present
therein.