Stable carbon isotopes, C3–C4 vegetation, and 12,800years of climate change in central New Mexico, USA

Geographic isolation facilitates the evolution of reproductive isolation and morphological divergence

“…Spring‐endemic populations are thought to have evolved spring‐specific adaptations in geographic isolation during the droughts of the Holocene (Al‐Rabab'ah & Williams, ; Davis & Shaw, ; Ellwood & Gose, ; Hall & Penner, ; Nordt, Boutton, Hallmark, & Waters, ; Russ, Loyd, & Boutton, ). Therefore, divergence between populations likely occurred in the absence of gene flow; thus, sympatrically occurring populations likely represent secondary contact.…”

“…However, all of the heterospecific mating trials showed evidence of reproductive isolation, including interfertile combinations ( Figure 5). 2001;Ellwood & Gose, 2006;Hall & Penner, 2013;Nordt, Boutton, Hallmark, & Waters, 1994;Russ, Loyd, & Boutton, 2000). Therefore, divergence between populations likely occurred in the absence of gene flow; thus, sympatrically occurring populations likely represent secondary contact.…”

Paleoclimate and weathering of the Tokaj (Hungary) loess–paleosol sequence

“…This transfer function is based on differences in the isotopic composition of C3 and C4 plants and their dependence on temperature and climate and has successfully been applied to reconstruct paleotemperatures in semiarid grasslands (Hall and Penner, 2013;Meier et al, 2014 …”

“…Sheldon and Tabor, 2009). Despite the debate about the reliability of these indices Li and Yang, 2010;Xiao et al, 2010), many applications can be found in the literature, mainly, but not limited to, Quaternary loess and/or paleosols in Europe Kovács, 2007;Kühn et al, 2013;Újvári et al, 2008;Újvári et al, 2014;Vancampenhout et al, 2013), North and South America (Goldberg and Humayun, 2010;Hall and Penner, 2013;Meier et al, 2014), China (Baumann et al, 2014;Chen et al, 1999;Xiong et al, 2010), Southern Arabia (Pietsch and Kühn, 2012) and Siberia (Zech et al, 2008). However, despite the large number of published A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T…”

OSL age and stratigraphy of the Strauss sand sheet in New Mexico, USA

“…The slightly wetter late Holocene climate in the region (Hall and Penner, 2013;Hall and Peterson, 2013) and underlying unit 2, the sand redeposited locally as unit 4. With the increase in abundance of mesquite across the sand sheet, continued deflation resulted in the accumulation of sand around mesquite shrubs, forming coppice dunes (unit 5).…”